Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā cathodes tungsten, loaʻa i nā cathodes lanthanum hexaborate (LaB6) nā pono e like me ka hana haʻahaʻa electron haʻahaʻa, kiʻekiʻe emission electron density, kū i ka ion bombardment, maikaʻi poisoning kū'ē, kūpaʻa hana, a me ka lōʻihi lawelawe ola. Ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole ...
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