ʻErbium, ka helu atomic 68, aia ma ka 6th pōʻai o ka papaʻaina kemika, lanthanide (IIIB group) helu 11, atomic kaumaha 167.26, a me ka inoa element mai ka paena ike o ka honua yttrium.
ʻErbiumhe 0.000247% i loko o ka ʻōpala a loaʻa i nā mea he nuihonua lahanā minerala.Aia i loko o nā pōhaku igneous a hiki ke loaʻa ma ka electrolysis a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ErCl3.Noho pū ʻo ia me nā mea ʻē aʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kakaikahi i loko o ka yttrium phosphate a me ka ʻeleʻelehonua lahawaiho gula.
Ionichonua lahanā minela: Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, etc. ma Kina.Phosphorus yttrium ore: Malaysia, Guangxi, Guangdong, Kina.Monazite: Nā wahi kahakai o Australia, nā wahi kahakai o India, Guangdong, Kina, a me nā wahi kahakai o Taiwan.
ʻIke ʻana i ka mōʻaukala
Ua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1843
Kaʻina hana ʻike: Ua ʻike ʻia e CG Mosander i ka makahiki 1843. Ua kapa mua ʻo ia i ka oxide o ka erbium terbium oxide, no laila ma nā palapala mua,terbium oxideaerbium oxideua huikau.ʻAʻole ma hope o ka makahiki 1860 i pono ai ka hoʻoponopono ʻana.
I loko o ka manawa like me ka loaʻa ʻana olanthanum, Ua kālailai a aʻo ʻo Mossander i ka yttrium i ʻike mua ʻia, a hoʻopuka i kahi hōʻike i ka makahiki 1842, e wehewehe ana ʻo ka honua yttrium i ʻike mua ʻia ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻokahi elemental oxide, akā he oxide o ʻekolu mau mea.Ua kapa ʻo ia i kekahi o lākou he honua yttrium, a ʻo kekahi o lākou he erbia (erbiumhonua).Ua koho ʻia ka hōʻailona element e like me Er.ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka erbium a me ʻelua mau mea ʻē aʻe,lanthanumahoʻopaʻapaʻa, wehe i ka lua o ka puka i ka loaa ana ohonua lahanā mea, e hōʻailona ana i ka pae ʻelua o kā lākou ʻike.ʻO kā lākou ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o ʻekoluhonua lahanā mea ma hope o nā mea ʻeluaceriumayttrium.
hoʻonohonoho ʻelepona
Hoʻolālā uila:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f12
ʻO ka ikehu ionization mua he 6.10 electron volts.ʻO nā waiwai kemika a me ke kino ua aneane like me ka holmium a me ka dysprosium.
Aia nā isotopes o ka erbium: 162Er, 164Er, 166Er, 167Er, 168Er, 170Er.
Metala
ʻErbiumhe metala keʻokeʻo kālā, palupalu ke ʻano, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā waikawa.ʻO nā paʻakai a me nā oxides he poni a ʻulaʻula.ʻO ka helu heheʻe 1529 ° C, kahi e hoʻolapalapa ai 2863 ° C, 9.006 g/cm ³.
ʻErbiumhe antiferromagnetic ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ikaika ferromagnetic kokoke i ka ʻole ʻole, a he superconductor.
ʻErbiumhoʻoheheʻe lohi ʻia e ka ea a me ka wai ma ka lumi wela, e loaʻa ai kahi kala ʻulaʻula rose.
Noi:
Kona oxideEr2O3he kala ʻulaʻula rose i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka ipu lepo.Erbium oxidehoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana seramika e hana i kahi enamel poni.
ʻErbiumloaʻa kekahi mau noi i ka ʻoihana nuklea a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui no nā metala ʻē aʻe.No ka laʻana, dopingerbiumi loko o ka vanadium hiki ke hoʻonui i kona ductility.
I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻanaerbiumaia ma ka hana ana oerbiumdoped fiber amplifier (EDFAs).ʻO ka maunu doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) i hoʻomohala mua ʻia e ke Kulanui o Southampton i ka makahiki 1985. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea nui loa i ke kamaʻilio fiber optic a hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ka "gas station" o kēia lā lōʻihi ʻike ʻike superhighway.ʻErbiumʻO ka pulupulu doped ke kumu o ka mea hoʻonui ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi o nā ion erbium element laha ʻole (Er3+) i loko o kahi fiber quartz.ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻumi a i nā haneli ppm o ka erbium i nā fiber optical hiki ke hoʻopaʻi i nā poho o ka optical i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio.ʻErbiumdoped fiber amplifiers ua like ia me ka "pumping station" o ka malamalama, e ae ana i na hoailona optical e hooili me ka attenuation ole mai ke kahua a i ke kahua, pela e wehe pono ai i ke ala o ka 'enehana no keia manawa lōʻihi, kiʻekiʻe-mana, a kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki fiber optic kamaʻilio. .
ʻO kahi hotspot noi ʻē aʻe oerbiumhe laser, ʻoi aku ma ke ʻano he mea laser lapaʻau.ʻErbiumʻO ka laser he laser pulse state solid me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 2940nm, hiki ke hoʻopili ikaika ʻia e nā molekala wai i loko o nā ʻiʻo kanaka, e loaʻa ana nā hopena koʻikoʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu.Hiki iā ia ke ʻoki pololei, wili, a ʻoki i nā ʻiʻo palupalu.Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka laser Erbium YAG no ka unuhi ʻana i ka cataract.ʻErbiumKe wehe nei nā mea lapaʻau laser i nā kahua noi ākea no ka ʻoki laser.
ʻErbiumHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he ion hoʻāla no nā mea laser upconversion honua.ʻErbiumHiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea laser upconversion i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: hoʻokahi kristal (fluoride, oxygen-containing paakai) a me ke aniani (fiber), e like me ka erbium-doped yttrium aluminate (YAP: Er3+) crystals a me Er3 + doped ZBLAN fluoride (ZrF4-BaF2- LaF3-AlF3-NaF) nā laula aniani, i hana ʻia i kēia manawa.BaYF5: Yb3+, Er3+ hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kukui infrared i kukui ʻike ʻia, a ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia kēia multiphoton upconversion luminescent material i nā mea ʻike pō.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Oct-25-2023