Na honua laha ole,ʻike ʻia ʻo "treasure trove" o nā mea hou, ma ke ʻano he mea hana kūikawā, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā huahana ʻē aʻe, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia nā "vitamina" o ka ʻoihana hou.ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana kuʻuna e like me ka metallurgy, petrochemicals, glass ceramics, wool spinning, ili, a me ka mahiʻai, akā hoʻokani pū kekahi i kahi kuleana nui i nā mea e like me ka fluorescence, magnetism, laser, fiber optic communication, hydrogen storage energy, superconductivity, etc, Hoʻopili pololei ia i ka wikiwiki a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e kū mai ana e like me nā mea hana optical, electronics, aerospace, a me ka ʻoihana nuklea.Ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau ʻenehana i ka ʻenehana pūʻali koa, e hāpai nui ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana koa hou.
ʻO ka hana kūikawā i hoʻokaniʻia ehonua lahaʻO nā mea hou i ka ʻenehana pūʻali koa hou ua hoʻokipa nui i nā manaʻo nui mai nā aupuni a me nā loea o nā ʻāina like ʻole, e like me ka helu ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he kumu nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻenehana koa e nā keʻena kūpono o nā ʻāina e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Iapana.
He Hoolauna Pokole noHonua Lakaʻikaʻis a me ko lakou Pili ana me ka Koa a me ka Lahui
ʻO ka ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, loaʻa i nā mea ʻenehana honua āpau kekahi mau noi koa, akā ʻo ka hana koʻikoʻi a lākou e pāʻani ai i ka pale aupuni a me nā kahua kaua ma nā noi e like me ka laser ranging, alakaʻi laser, a me ka kamaʻilio laser.
ʻO ka noi ohonua lahakila ahonua lahahao ductile i ka ʻenehana koa hou
1.1 Noi oHonua LakaʻikaʻiKe kila ma ka ʻenehana koa o kēia wā
Loaʻa ka hana i ʻelua mau ʻano: ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana, ka nui o ka desulfurization, deoxidation, a me ka wehe ʻana i ke kinoea, e hoʻopau ana i ka mana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa a me ke ʻano, e pili ana i ka pae hoʻololi o ke kila, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kona hardenability a me nā waiwai mechanical.Ua hoʻomohala ka poʻe koa ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana i nā mea ʻano honua laha ʻole kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kaua ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai ohonua laha.
1.1.1 kila kila
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoihana mea kaua o Kina e noiʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole i ke kila kila a me ke kila pū, a ua hana ʻia.honua lahakila kila e like me 601, 603, a me 623, e hoʻomaka ana i kahi au hou o nā kumu waiwai nui no ka hana pahu pahu ma Kina e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka home.
1.1.2honua laha olekalapona kila
Ma ka waena o 1960s, ua hoʻohui ʻo Kina i 0.05%honua lahanā mea i kekahi kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe e hana aihonua lahakalapona kila.Hoʻonui ʻia ka waiwai hopena ʻaoʻao o kēia kila honua laha ʻole e 70% a i 100% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kalapona kumu, a ua aneane pālua ʻia ka waiwai hopena ma -40 ℃.ʻO ka pahu pahu pahu nui-diameter i hanaʻia i kēia kila ua ho'āʻoʻia ma o nā ho'āʻo pana i loko o ka pahu pana e hoʻokō pono i nā koiʻenehana.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopau ʻo Kina a hoʻokomo i ka hana, me ka ʻike ʻana i ka makemake lōʻihi o Kina e hoʻololi i ke keleawe me ke kila i loko o ka pahu pahu.
1.1.3 Ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe o ka honua a me ke kila hoʻolei honua
honua laha olehoʻohana ʻia ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā papa track tank, ʻoiaihonua lahahoʻohana ʻia ke kila hoʻolei no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻēheu huelo, nā ʻūhā ʻūhā, a me nā mea hoʻolālā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe no nā pūpū hou ʻana i ka pūpū.Hiki i kēia ke hōʻemi i nā kaʻina hana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila, a hoʻokō i nā hōʻailona tactical a me nā ʻenehana.
1.2 Hoʻohana ʻana i ka hao hao nodular honua ma ka ʻenehana koa o kēia wā
I ka wā ma mua, ua hana ʻia nā mea hana projectile keʻena mua o Kina me ka hao semi-rigid i hana ʻia me ka hao puaʻa kiʻekiʻe i hui pū ʻia me 30% a 40% ke kila kila.Ma muli o kona ikaika haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a ʻoi ʻole ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana ma hope o ka pahū ʻana, a me ka mana pepehi nāwaliwali, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kino projectile keʻena mua.Mai ka makahiki 1963, ua hana ʻia nā ʻano calibers o nā pūpū mortar me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hao ductile honua, i hoʻonui i ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical e 1-2 mau manawa, hoʻonui i ka nui o nā ʻāpana kūpono, a hoʻokala i nā kihi o nā ʻāpana, hoʻonui nui i ko lākou mana pepehi.ʻO ka pūpū kaua o kekahi ʻano pū pukuniahi a me ka pū kī kī i hana ʻia me kēia mea i ko mākou ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka helu o ka ʻāpana a me ka radius pepehi kanaka ma mua o ka pūpū kila.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka non-ferroushuila lepo laha oles e like me ka magnesium a me ka alumini i ka ʻenehana koa hou
Nā ʻāina laha ʻoleloaʻa i ka hana kemika kiʻekiʻe a me nā radii atomika nui.Ke hoʻohui ʻia i nā metala non-ferrous a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka nui o ka palaoa, pale i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hoʻoneʻe i ke kinoea, haumia a hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano metallographic, a laila e hoʻokō ai i nā pahuhopu piha e like me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai kino, a me ka hana ʻana.Ua hoʻohana nā limahana o ka hale a me nā haole i nā waiwai onā ʻāina laha ʻolee hooulu houhonua lahanā mea hoʻoheheʻe magnesium, nā alumini alumini, nā titanium, a me nā mea wela wela.Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau huahana i nā ʻenehana pūʻali koa hou e like me nā jet fighter, assault aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and missile satellites.
2.1honua laha olehuila magnesium
honua laha oleʻO ka magnesium alloys he ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ka mokulele, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana tactical, a loaʻa nā manaʻo noiʻi ākea.ʻO kahonua lahaʻO nā ʻāpana magnesium i hoʻomohala ʻia e China Aviation Industry Corporation (i kapa ʻia ʻo AVIC) ma kahi o 10 mau māka o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe magnesium hoʻolei a me nā alloy magnesium deformed, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ia mau mea i ka hana ʻana a loaʻa ka maikaʻi paʻa.No ka laʻana, ZM 6 hoʻolei i ka magnesium alloy me ka honua metala neodymium e like me ka mea hoʻohui nui i hoʻonui ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e like me nā pahu hoʻemi hope o ka helikopter, nā iwi ʻēheu hakakā, a me nā papa puʻu rotor no nā mea hana 30 kW.ʻO ka honua laha ʻole ka magnesium alloy BM25 i hoʻomohala pū ʻia e China Aviation Corporation a me Nonferrous Metals Corporation ua pani i kekahi mau alumini alumini ikaika ikaika a ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā mokulele hopena.
2.2honua laha olehuila titanium
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1970, ua hoʻololi ka Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ke Institute) i kekahi alumini a me ke silika.metala lepo laha ole cerium (Ce) i nā huila titanium Ti-A1-Mo, e kaupalena ana i ka ua o nā māhele brittle a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pale wela o ka alloy a me ka paʻa wela.Ma kēia kumu, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-hana hoʻolei titanium alloy ZT3 i loaʻa ka cerium.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hoʻohui honua like, loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau pono i ka pale ʻana i ka wela, ka ikaika, a me ka hana kaʻina.Hoʻohana ʻia ka pahu compressor i hana ʻia me ia no ka ʻenekini W PI3 II, e hōʻemi ana i ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia mokulele e 39 kg a hoʻonui i ka pākuʻi i ka ratio paona e 1.5%.Eia kekahi, hoʻemi ʻia nā ʻanuʻu hana ma kahi o 30%, e loaʻa ana i nā pono ʻenehana a me ka waiwai waiwai, e hoʻopiha ana i ka hakahaka o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahu titanium cast no nā mīkini mokulele ma Kina ma lalo o nā kūlana 500 ℃.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi he liʻiliʻicerium oxidenā ʻāpana i loko o ka microstructure o ZT3 alloy i loaʻacerium.Ceriumhoʻohui i kahi hapa o ka oxygen i loko o ka huila e hana i ka refractory a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻeʻohe lepo lāʻaumea, Ce2O3.Hoʻopilikia kēia mau ʻāpana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā dislocations i ka wā o ka deformation alloy, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe o ka alloy.Ceriumhopu i kekahi mau kinoea haumia (ʻoi loa ma nā palena palaoa), hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka huila me ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi.ʻO kēia ka hoʻāʻo mua e hoʻohana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka wahi solute paʻakikī i ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā alloys titanium.Eia kekahi, ma hope o nā makahiki o ka noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻomohala ka Aviation Materials Institute i ka paʻa a me ke kumukūʻaiyttrium oxideone a me ka pauka mea i loko o ka titanium alloy solution precision casting process, using special mineralization treatment technology.Ua loaʻa i nā pae maikaʻi i ka gravity kikoʻī, ka paʻakikī, a me ka paʻa i ka wai titanium.Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hana o ka slurry shell, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ke kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi loa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka shell yttrium oxide e hana i nā hoʻoheheʻe titanium ʻo ia, ma lalo o nā kūlana kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai ka maikaʻi a me ka pae kaʻina o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka papa hana o ka tungsten surface layer, hiki ke hana i nā hoʻoheheʻe titanium alloy ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o kēlā. o ke kaʻina hana papa ʻili tungsten.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ka hana ʻana i nā mokulele like ʻole, nā ʻenekini, a me nā hoʻolei kīwila.
2.3honua laha olealumini alumini
ʻO ka HZL206 heat-resistant cast aluminum alloy i loaʻa nā ʻāina laha ʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia e AVIC he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe a me ke ana wela o ka lumi me nā ʻenehana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā nickel i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, a ua hōʻea i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o nā ala like ma waho.Hoʻohana ʻia ia i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he paʻi paʻa paʻa no nā helikopter a me nā mokulele hakakā me ka mahana hana o 300 ℃, e hoʻololi ana i nā mea kila a me nā titanium.Ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha o ke kūkulu ʻana a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hana nui.ʻO ka ikaika tensile ohonua lahaʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka alumini silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy ma 200-300 ℃ ma mua o ko West German piston alloys KS280 a me KS282.ʻO kona pale ʻana he 4-5 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka piston alloys ZL108 i hoʻohana mau ʻia, me kahi coefficient liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻonui laina a me ka paʻa o ka dimensional maikaʻi.Ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻokele mokulele KY-5, KY-7 air compressors a me nā pistons engine model aviation.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana ohonua lahahoʻomaikaʻi nui nā mea i nā alumini alumini i ka microstructure a me nā waiwai mechanical.ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i loko o nā alumini alumini e hana i kahi puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu, a ʻo nā pūhui alumini liʻiliʻi e hana nui i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka lua;ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana ohonua lahaHe kuleana ko nā mea i ka degassing a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a laila e hōʻemi i ka nui o nā pores i loko o ka alloy a hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna hana;honua laha oleʻO nā pūhui aluminika, e like me ka heterogeneous crystal nuclei e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa a me nā pae eutectic, he ʻano hoʻololi hoʻi;Hoʻoikaika nā mea ʻokoʻa honua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā pae waiwai hao, e hōʻemi ana i kā lākou hopena ʻino.α— E emi iho ana ka nui o ka hao ma A1 me ka hoonui ohonua lahaEia kekahi, he mea pono no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikaika a me ka plasticity.
ʻO ka noi ohonua lahamea puhi i ka ʻenehana koa hou
3.1 Maʻemaʻemetala lepo laha ole
Maʻemaʻemetala lepo laha ole, ma muli o kā lākou mau mea kemika ikaika, hiki ke hana me ka oxygen, sulfur, a me ka nitrogen e hana i nā pūhui paʻa.Ke hoʻokau ʻia i ka ʻāwili a me ka hopena, hiki i nā ʻōpuʻu ke hoʻā i nā mea hiki ke puhi ʻia.No laila, i ka makahiki 1908, ua hana ʻia ʻo ia i ʻaʻa.Ua ʻike ʻia ma waena o nā 17honua lahaelement, eono mau mea komocerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, ayttriummaikaʻi loa ka hana puhi ahi.Ua hoʻohuli ka poʻe i ka waiwai ahi o rhe mau metala honuai loko o nā ʻano mea kaua incendiary, e like me ka US Mark 82 227 kg missile, e hoʻohana ana.metala lepo laha olelining, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopuka wale i nā hopena pepehi pahū akā nā hopena ahi pū kekahi.Ua lako ʻia ke poʻo kaua rocket "Damping Man" ea ʻAmelika me 108 mau lāʻau metala lua ʻole ma ke ʻano he liner, e pani ana i kekahi mau ʻāpana i hana mua ʻia.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo static blasting ʻo kona hiki ke puhi i ka wahie mokulele he 44% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea ʻole.
3.2 Huipuiametala lepo laha oles
Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻemaʻemetala honua laha ole,hoʻohana nui nā ʻāina like ʻole i ka composite inexpensivemetala lepo laha oles i nā mea puhi ahi.ʻO ka huimetala lepo laha oleHoʻokomo ʻia ka mea puhi ahi i loko o ka pūpū metala ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, me ka nui o ka mea puhi ahi o (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg/m3, ka wikiwiki o ka puhi ʻana 1.3-1.5 m / s, ke anawaena o ka lapalapa ma kahi o 500 mm, ka wela wela e like me ke kiʻekiʻe. 1715-2000 ℃.Ma hope o ka puhi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomehana kino incandescent ma mua o 5 mau minuke.I ka wā o ke Kaua Vietnam, ua hoʻokuʻu ka pūʻali koa US i kahi grenade incendiary 40mm me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻolaha, a ua hana ʻia ka uhi ʻana i loko me kahi metala honua laha ʻole.Ma hope o ka pahū ʻana o ka projectile, hiki i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana me kahi liner igniting ke hoʻā i ka pahuhopu.I kēlā manawa, ua hōʻea ka hana o ka mahina i ka 200000 puni, me ka nui o 260000 puni.
3.3honua laha olenā huila puhi
Ahonua lahahiki ke hana i 200-3000 mau huna ahi me kahi uhi nui, e like ana me ka radius pepehi o ka pahu kila a me ka pahu kila.No laila, ua lilo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pu multifunctional me ka mana puhi ahi i kekahi o nā kuhikuhi nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pōkā ma ka home a ma waho.No ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea kaua a me nā pū, pono kā lākou hana maʻamau ma hope o ke komo ʻana i nā mea kaua pahu ʻenemi, hiki iā lākou ke puhi i kā lākou wahie a me nā mea kaua e luku loa i ka pahu.No nā grenades, koi ʻia e hoʻāla i nā lako kaua a me nā ʻoihana hoʻolālā i loko o kā lākou papa pepehi.Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka poma incendiary poma i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he kino i hana ʻia me ka fiberglass reinforced nylon a me ka hui ʻana o ka honua alloy core, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe i nā pahuhopu i loaʻa ka wahie mokulele a me nā mea like.
Ka hoohana ana o 4Honua LakaʻikaʻiNā mea i loko o ka pale kaua a me ka ʻenehana nuklea
4.1 Noi ma ka ʻenehana pale kaua koa
Loaʻa i nā mea lāʻau laha ʻole i ka radiation.Ua hoʻohana ka National Center for Neutron Cross Sections ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā mea polymer ma ke ʻano he substrate a ua hana i ʻelua ʻano papa me ka mānoanoa o 10 mm me ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana o nā mea honua laha no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pale radiation.Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hopena pale ʻana o ka thermal neutron ohonua lahaʻO nā mea polymer he 5-6 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kēlāhonua lahanā mea polimer manuahi.ʻO nā mea ʻāina laha ʻole me nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia e like mesamarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, loaʻa ka ʻāpana keʻa neutron absorption kiʻekiʻe a loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ka hopu ʻana i nā neutrons.I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka honua anti radiation material i ka ʻenehana pūʻali koa e pili ana i kēia mau ʻano.
4.1.1 Ka pale ʻana i ka radiation nuklea
Hoʻohana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i 1% boron a me 5% mau mea ʻano honua lahagadolinium, samarium, alanthanume hana i 600m mānoanoa pale pāhawewe kū'ē no ka pale ʻana i ka fission neutron kumu i loko o ka ʻauʻau reactors.Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Farani i kahi mea pale radiation honua ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā borides,honua lahapūhui, a i ʻolenā mea hoʻohui honua raree graphite e like me ke pani.ʻO ka mea hoʻopihapiha o kēia mea hoʻopihapiha hoʻopihapiha pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hana ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana prefabricated, i kau ʻia a puni ke kahawai reactor e like me nā koi like ʻole o nā ʻāpana pale.
4.1.2 Ka pale ʻana i ka pāhawewe wela
Aia ia i ʻehā mau ʻāpana veneer, me ka mānoanoa o 5-20 cm.ʻO ka papa mua i hana ʻia me ke aniani fiber reinforced plastic, me ka pauka inorganic i hoʻohui ʻia me 2%honua lahanā pūhui e like me nā mea hoʻopiha e ālai i nā neutron wikiwiki a hoʻopaʻa i nā neutron lohi;Hoʻohui ka papa ʻelua a me ke kolu i ka boron graphite, polystyrene, a me nā mea ʻeleʻele kakaʻikahi e helu ana no ka 10% o ka nui o ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana i ka mua no ka pale ʻana i nā neutron ikehu waena a hoʻopaʻa i nā neutron thermal;Hoʻohana ka papa ʻehā i ka graphite ma kahi o ke aniani aniani, a hoʻohui i 25%honua lahanā pūhui e hoʻopaʻa i nā neutron wela.
4.1.3 Nā mea ʻē aʻe
Ke noi neihonua lahaHiki ke loaʻa ka hopena anti radiation i ka pale ʻana i ka radiation i nā pahu, nā moku, nā hale hoʻomalu, a me nā mea kaua ʻē aʻe.
4.2 Hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana Nukelea
honua laha oleyttrium oxidehiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka combustible absorber no ka uranium wahie ma ka paila wai reactors (BWRs).Ma waena o nā mea a pau,gadoliniumLoaʻa iā ia ka mana ikaika loa e komo i nā neutrons, me ka 4600 mau pahu hopu no kēlā me kēia atom.ʻO kēlā me kēia mea kūlohelohegadoliniumhoʻomohu ka atom i ka awelika o 4 neutrons ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana.I ka hui ʻana me ka fissionable uranium,gadoliniumhiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka puhi ʻana, hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uranium, a hoʻonui i ka ikehu.Gadolinium oxideʻAʻole ia e hoʻopuka i ka deuterium hoʻopōʻino e like me ka boron carbide, a hiki ke kūpono me ka wahie uranium a me kāna mea i uhi ʻia i ka wā nuklea.ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohanagadoliniumma kahi o boron ka meagadoliniumHiki ke hoʻohui pono ʻia me ka uranium e pale aku i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wahie nuklea.Wahi a nā helu helu, aia i kēia manawa he 149 mau mea hoʻoheheʻe nuklea i hoʻolālā ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, kahi o 115 mau mea hoʻoheheʻe wai kaomi i hoʻohana i ka honua rare.gadolinium oxide. honua laha olesamarium, europium, adysprosiumua hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he neutron absorbers i nā neutron breeders.honua laha ole yttriumLoaʻa i kahi ʻāpana hopu hopu liʻiliʻi i nā neutrons a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he paipu no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe.ʻO nā pepa lahilahi me ka hoʻohuihonua laha gadoliniumadysprosiumhiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e like me neutron kahua detectors ma aerospace a me nukelea 'enekinia 'enekinia, uuku nui ohonua lahathuliumaerbiumhiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā mea hana neutron i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, aʻohe lepo lāʻauHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā seramika hao europium no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā papa kākoʻo reactor control.honua laha olegadoliniumHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me kahi mea hoʻohui e pale ai i ka radiation neutron, a me nā kaʻa kaua i uhi ʻia me nā uhi kūikawā i loaʻa.gadolinium oxidehiki ke pale i ka neutron radiation.honua laha ole ytterbiumhoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hana no ke ana ʻana i ka geostress i hana ʻia e nā pahū nuklea lalo.I ka manawapepeiao laha olehytterbiumua hoʻokau ʻia i ka ikaika, piʻi ke kū'ē, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūʻē e helu ai i ke kaomi i kau ʻia.Hoʻopilihonua laha gadoliniumʻO ka pahu i waiho ʻia ma ka waiho ʻana o ka mahu a me ka uhi ʻana me kahi mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ke koʻikoʻi nuklea kiʻekiʻe.
5, Noi oHonua LakaʻikaʻiNā Mea Mākēneki Mau i loko o ka ʻenehana Koa Koa
ʻO kahonua lahaʻO nā mea magnet paʻa mau, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka hanauna hou o nā aliʻi magnetic, i kēia manawa ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hana hoʻokō mau loa.Loaʻa iā ia ma mua o 100 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kila magnetic i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kaua i nā makahiki 1970.I kēia manawa, ua lilo ia i mea koʻikoʻi i ke kamaʻilio ʻenehana uila hou, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā paipu nalu hele a me nā circulators i nā satelite Earth artificial, radar, a me nā kula ʻē aʻe.No laila, he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka pūʻali koa.
SamariumHoʻohana ʻia nā magnet cobalt a me nā neodymium iron boron magnets no ka kukuna electron e kālele ana i nā ʻōnaehana alakaʻi missile.ʻO nā mākēneki ka mea hoʻohana nui no nā kukuna electron a hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili i ka ʻaoʻao mana o ka missile.Aia ma kahi o 5-10 paona (2.27-4.54 kg) o nā magnet i kēlā me kēia mea alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka missile.Kahi mea hou aʻe,honua lahahoʻohana pū ʻia nā magnets e hoʻokele i nā kaʻa uila a hoʻohuli i ka ruder o nā missiles alakaʻi.Aia ko lākou pōmaikaʻi i ko lākou mau waiwai magnetic ikaika a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kaumaha i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā alumini nickel cobalt magnets.
6 . Noi oHonua LakaʻikaʻiNā Mea Laser i ka ʻenehana koa o kēia wā
ʻO Laser kahi ʻano kumu kukui hou i loaʻa ka monochromaticity maikaʻi, directionality, a coherence, a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka ʻōlinolino kiʻekiʻe.Laser a mehonua lahaUa hānau ʻia nā mea laser i ka manawa like.I kēia manawa, ma kahi o 90% o nā mea laser e pili ananā ʻāina laha ʻole.ʻo kahi laʻana,yttriumʻO ka alumini garnet crystal he laser i hoʻohana nui ʻia e hiki ke hoʻokō mau i ka mana kiʻekiʻe ma ka lumi wela.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lasers solid-state i ka pūʻali koa hou e pili ana i kēia mau ʻaoʻao.
6.1 Hoʻomaka laser
ʻO kaneodymiumdopedyttriumhiki ke ana i ka mamao a hiki i 4000 a 20000 mika me ka pololei o 5 mika.ʻO nā ʻōnaehana mea kaua e like me ka American MI, Germany's Leopard II, France's Leclerc, Japan's Type 90, Israel's Mecca, a me ka pahu pahu Challenger 2 hou loa i hoʻomohala ʻia e Pelekane e hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻano mea hoʻohana laser rangefinder.I kēia manawa, ke hoʻomohala nei kekahi mau ʻāina i kahi hanauna hou o nā mākaʻikaʻi laser paʻa no ka palekana o ka maka o ke kanaka, me ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe hana o 1.5-2.1 μ M. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mīkini lima lima lima me ka hoʻohana ʻana.holmiumdopedyttriumnā lasers lithium fluoride ma United States a me United Kingdom, me ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe hana o 2.06 μ M, e piʻi ana i 3000 m.Ua hui pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me nā hui laser honua e hoʻomohala i kahi erbium-dopedyttriumʻO ka laser fluoride lithium me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder a hoʻolako nui ʻia me nā pūʻali koa.ʻO 1.06 μM ka lōʻihi o ka nalu laser o ka pūʻali koa Kina, mai 200 a 7000 m.Loaʻa ʻo Kina i nā ʻikepili koʻikoʻi mai nā theodolites televise laser i nā ana ʻana i ka wā o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā rockets lōʻihi, missiles, a me nā satelite kamaʻilio hoʻokolohua.
6.2 Ke alakaʻi laser
Hoʻohana nā pahu alakaʻi laser i nā lasers no ke alakaʻi ʻana.Hoʻohana ʻia ka laser Nd · YAG, ka mea e hoʻopuka ana i nā kakini o nā pulses i kēlā me kēia kekona, e hoʻomālamalama i ka laser target.Hoʻopili ʻia nā pulses a hiki i nā pulu māmā ke alakaʻi iā lākou iho i ka pane o ka missile, a laila e pale ai i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka missile a me nā pilikia i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka ʻenemi.ʻO ka pūʻali koa US GBV-15 glider bomb, i kapa ʻia ʻo "dexterous bomb".Pēlā nō, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā pūpū alakaʻi laser.
6.3 Kūkākūkā laser
Ma waho aʻe o Nd · YAG, ka hopena laser o ka lithiumneodymiumphosphate crystal (LNP) ua polarized a maʻalahi e hoʻololi, e hana ia i kekahi o nā mea micro laser maikaʻi loa.He kūpono ia ma ke ʻano he kumu māmā no ka kamaʻilio fiber optic a manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia i nā optics integrated a me ka kamaʻilio cosmic.Kahi mea hou aʻe,yttriumhao garnet (Y3Fe5O12) hoʻokahi aniani hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea hawewe honua magnetostatic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻohui microwave, e hana ana i nā mea hana i hoʻohui ʻia a liʻiliʻi ʻia, a loaʻa nā noi kūikawā i ka mana mamao radar, telemetry, hoʻokele, a me nā mea hoʻoponopono uila.
7. Ke noi oHonua LakaʻikaʻiNā Mea Hana Superconducting i ka ʻenehana koa o kēia wā
Ke ʻike kekahi mea i ka pale ʻole ma lalo o kahi mahana, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka superconductivity, ʻo ia ka wela koʻikoʻi (Tc).ʻO nā superconductors kahi ʻano mea antimagnetic e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻopili i kahi kahua magnetic ma lalo o ka wela koʻikoʻi, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hopena Meisner.Hiki ke hoʻonui nui i ka wela koʻikoʻi Tc ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻene honua laha i nā mea superconducting.Hoʻoikaika nui kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea superconducting.I ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Iapanaʻohe lepo lāʻaus e like melanthanum, yttrium,europium, aerbiumi ka barium oxide akeleawe oxidenā pūhui, i hui pū ʻia, kaomi ʻia, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana i nā mea seramika superconducting, e hana ana i ka hoʻohana ākea o ka ʻenehana superconducting, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā noi koa.
7.1 Superconducting integrated circuits
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana ʻia ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana superconducting i nā kamepiula uila ma waho, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā superconducting integrated circuits me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ceramic superconducting.Inā hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia e hana i nā kamepiula superconducting, ʻaʻole ia e liʻiliʻi wale i ka nui, māmā i ke kaumaha, a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohana, akā loaʻa nō hoʻi ka wikiwiki helu 10 a 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā kamepiula semiconductor, me nā hana lana. hiki i 300 a 1 trillion manawa i kekona.No laila, wānana ka pūʻali koa US i ka manawa e hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā kamepiula superconducting, e lilo lākou i "multiplier" no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana C1 i ka pūʻali koa.
7.2 Superconducting magnetic exploration 'enehana
ʻO nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia me ka superconducting ceramic material he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e maʻalahi ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻohui a me ka hoʻonohonoho.Hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā ʻōnaehana ʻike multi-channel a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻike nui, hoʻonui nui i ka mana ʻike o ka ʻāpana a hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka mamao ʻike a me ka pololei o ka mea ʻike magnetic.ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā superconducting magnetometers ke ʻike wale i nā pahuhopu neʻe e like me nā kaʻa, nā kaʻa, a me nā submarines, akā e ana pū i ko lākou nui, e alakaʻi ana i nā loli nui i nā loea a me nā ʻenehana e like me ka anti tank a me ke kaua anti submarine.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻoholo ka US Navy e hoʻomohala i kahi satellite sensing mamao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēiahonua lahamea superconducting e hōʻike a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻenehana ʻike mamao kuʻuna.Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia satellite i kapa ʻia ʻo Naval Earth Image Observatory i ka makahiki 2000.
8. Noi oHonua LakaʻikaʻiMea Pilikua Magnetostrictive i ka ʻenehana koa o kēia wā
honua laha oleʻO nā mea magnetostrictive nunui he ʻano mea hana hou i kūkulu ʻia i ka hopena o 1980s ma waho.ʻO ka mea nui e pili ana i nā pūhui hao honua.ʻO kēia ʻano mea he waiwai nui loa ka magnetostrictive ma mua o ka hao, nickel, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻo kāna coefficient magnetostrictive ma kahi o 102-103 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea magnetostrictive maʻamau, no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia nā mea magnetostrictive nui a pilikua paha.Ma waena o nā mea pāʻoihana āpau, loaʻa i nā mea magnetostrictive nunui ka honua ka waiwai nui a me ka ikaika ma lalo o ka hana kino.ʻOi loa me ka hoʻomohala kūleʻa o Terfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy, ua wehe ʻia kahi au hou o nā mea magnetostrictive.Ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Terfenol-D i loko o kahi māla magnetic, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona ʻano like ʻole ma mua o nā mea magnetic maʻamau, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i kekahi mau neʻe mechanical precision.I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, mai nā ʻōnaehana wahie, ka mana o ka wai, ka micro positioning i nā mea hana mechanical no nā telescopes a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ʻēheu mokulele.ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana waiwai Terfenol-D i holomua holomua i ka ʻenehana hoʻololi electromechanical.A he hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana ʻokiʻoki, ka ʻenehana koa, a me ka hana hou o nā ʻoihana kuʻuna.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea magnetostrictive honua maʻamau i ka pūʻali koa hou e pili ana i kēia mau ʻano:
8.1 Sonar
ʻOi aku ka nui o ke alapine hoʻokuʻu o ka sonar ma luna o 2 kHz, akā ʻo ka sonar haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma lalo o kēia alapine kona mau pono kūikawā: ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ke alapine, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka attenuation, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe kani, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka leo ma lalo o ka wai.Hiki i nā Sonars i hana ʻia me nā mea Terfenol-D ke hoʻokō i nā koi o ka mana kiʻekiʻe, ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, no laila ua ulu wikiwiki lākou.
8.2 Nā transducers mīkini uila
Hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā mea hana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi - actuators.Me ka mana pololei a hiki i ka nanometer pae, a me ka servo pumps, wahie injection nenoaiu, brakes, etc. Hoʻohana 'ia no ka pūʻali koa, mokulele mokulele a me spacecraft, pūʻali robots, etc.
8.3 Nā mea ʻike a me nā mea uila
E like me nā pocket magnetometers, nā mea ʻike no ka ʻike ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana, ka ikaika, a me ka wikiwiki, a me nā hāmeʻa nalu acoustic surface tunable.Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hope no nā mea ʻike i loko o nā mines, sonar, a me nā ʻāpana mālama i nā kamepiula.
9. Nā mea ʻē aʻe
ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e like mehonua lahanā mea luminescent,honua lahanā mea mālama hydrogen, nā mea magnetoresistive nunui honua,honua lahanā mea hoʻoheheʻe magnetic, ahonua lahaUa hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā mea mālama magneto-optical i ka pūʻali koa hou, e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā mea kaua hou.ʻo kahi laʻana,honua lahaUa hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā mea luminescent i nā mea ʻike maka pō.Ma nā aniani hihiʻo pō, hoʻololi nā phosphors honua i nā photons (māmā māmā) i electrons, i hoʻonui ʻia ma o nā miliona o nā puka liʻiliʻi i ka mokulele fiber optic microscope, e noʻonoʻo ana i hope a mai ka pā, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā electrons.ʻO kekahi poʻe phosphors honua kakaʻikahi ma ka hope o ka huelo e hoʻohuli hou i nā electrons i photons, no laila hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi me kahi maka.Ua like kēia kaʻina hana me ka pale TV, kahihonua lahaHoʻopuka ka pauda fluorescent i kekahi kiʻi kala ma ka pale.Hoʻohana maʻamau ka ʻoihana ʻAmelika i ka niobium pentoxide, akā no ka kūleʻa ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana ʻike pō, ʻo ia ka mea ʻokoʻa honualanthanumhe mea koʻikoʻi.I ke Kaua Kaiwa, ua hoʻohana nā pūʻali multinational i kēia mau maka maka maka pō e nānā i nā pahu hopu o ka pūʻali koa Iraqi i kēlā me kēia manawa, no ka lanakila liʻiliʻi.
10 .Hoʻoholo
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahonua lahaUa hoʻoikaika maikaʻi ka ʻoihana i ka holomua holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻenehana pūʻali koa hou, a ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻenehana pūʻali koa i alakaʻi i ka holomua holomua o kahonua lahaʻoihana.Manaʻo wau me ka holomua wikiwiki o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana honua,honua lahaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā huahana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana koa hou me kā lākou mau hana kūikawā, a lawe mai i nā pono waiwai nui a maikaʻi loa i kahonua lahaʻoihana ponoʻī.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-29-2023