Introduction to Rare Earth Industry Technology
·honua laha ole iʻAʻole ia he mea metala, akā he huaʻōlelo hui no 15 mau mea honua laha ʻole ayttriumascandium.No laila, he mau mea hoʻohana like ʻole ka 17 o ka honua laha a me ko lākou mau pūhui like ʻole, mai ka chlorides me ka maʻemaʻe o 46% a hiki i nā mea hoʻokahi o ka honua oxides.metala lepo laha oleme ka maemae o 99.9999%.Me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā pūhui pili a me nā hui ʻana, he nui nā huahana honua laha ʻole.No laila,honua lahaʻokoʻa ka ʻenehana ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o kēia mau mea 17.Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea o ka honua i ka cerium ayttriumʻO nā hui e pili ana i nā ʻano minerala, ʻo ka ʻeli ʻana, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā minelala honua laha ʻole i hui pū ʻia.E hoʻomaka ana mai ka ʻeli ʻana mua ʻana, e hoʻolauna ʻia nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale, nā kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, nā ʻano unuhi, a me nā kaʻina hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā ʻāina laha ʻole.
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā minerala o nā ʻāina rare
· ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mineral he kaʻina hana mīkini e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai kino a me nā mea kemika ma waena o nā minerala like ʻole e hana ai i ka ʻaila, hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, nā kaʻina hana, a me nā mea hana e hoʻonui ai i nā minela pono i loko o ka ʻaila, wehe i nā mea haumia ʻino, a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. mai nā minerala gangue.
·I kahonua lahaores mined a puni ka honua, the content ofnā ʻokikene honua laha ʻolehe hapa hapa wale no, a emi iho kekahi.I mea e hoʻokō ai i nā koi hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana,honua lahaUa hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā minerala mai nā minerala gangue a me nā minerala pono ʻē aʻe ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻike o nā oxides honua laha a loaʻa nā concentrates honua hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi o ka metallurgy honua.Hoʻohana maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ores honua ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano flotation, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia e ka hui pū ʻana o ka gravity a me ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic e hana i kahi kahe kaʻina hana.
ʻO kahonua lahaʻO ka waiho ʻana i loko o ka Mine Baiyunebo ma Inner Mongolia kahi waihona pōhaku carbonate o ka hao dolomite, ka mea nui i haku ʻia me nā minerala honua laha ʻole i loko o ka hao hao (me ka fluorocarbon cerium ore a me ka monazite, aia pū kekahiniobiumahonua lahanā minerala).
Aia ma kahi o 30% ka hao a ma kahi o 5% o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻaila nui i loko o ka lua, lawe ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kaʻaahi i ka mea kanu pōmaikaʻi o Baotou Iron and Steel Group Company.ʻO ka hana o ka mea kanu pōmaikaʻi e hoʻonuiFe2O3mai ka 33% a oi aku i ka 55%, e wili mua ana a me ka helu ana ma ka wili poepoe conical, a laila e koho i ka hao hao mua o 62-65% Fe2O3 (iron oxide) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻokaʻawale magnetic cylindrical.Ke hoʻomau nei nā huelo i ka flotation a me ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hao hao lua e loaʻa ana ma mua o 45%Fe2O3(iron oxide).Hoʻonui ʻia ka honua laʻa i ka flotation foam, me ka pae o 10-15%.Hiki ke koho ʻia ka concentrate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papa haʻalulu e hana i kahi concentrate me kahi ʻike REO o 30%.Ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ʻana e nā mea hoʻomaikaʻi, hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻano honua laʻa me kahi ʻike REO ma mua o 60%.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ʻāina koʻikoʻi
·honua laha oleAia nā mea i loko o ka concentrates ma ke ʻano o nā carbonates insoluble, fluorides, phosphates, oxides, a i ʻole silicates.Pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā mea ʻano honua laʻa i loko o ka wai a i ʻole nā waikawa inorganic ma o nā hoʻololi kemika like ʻole, a laila e hana i nā kaʻina e like me ka dissolution, kaʻawale, hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ʻike, a i ʻole calcination e hana i nā ʻano hui like ʻole.honua lahanā pūhui e like me ka hui ʻana o ka honua chlorides, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he huahana a i ʻole nā mea maka no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea hoʻokahi.Kapa ʻia kēia hanahonua lahadecomposition concentrate, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he pre-treatment.
· Nui nā ʻano hana no ka palahohonua lahaconcentrates, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: ke ʻano waikawa, ke ʻano alkali, a me ka decomposition chlorination.Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻakika decomposition i loko o ka decomposition hydrochloric acid, decomposition sulfuric acid, a me ka decomposition hydrofluoric acid.Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka alkali i ka decomposition sodium hydroxide, ka hoʻoheheʻe sodium hydroxide, a i ʻole ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe soda.Koho ʻia ke kaʻina hana kūpono e pili ana i nā kumu o ka ʻano concentrate, nā ʻano papa, ka hoʻolālā huahana, ka maʻalahi no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i nā mea honua ʻole, ka pōmaikaʻi no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka hana a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, a me ka noʻonoʻo waiwai.
· ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia ma kahi o 200 mau mea laʻa a hoʻopuehu ʻia, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻonui ʻia i loko o nā waihona kūʻokoʻa me ka ʻoihana ʻenehana ma muli o ko lākou rarity.I kēia manawa, kūʻokoʻa wale nōgermanium, selenium, atelluriumua ʻike ʻia nā waihona, akā ʻaʻole nui ka nui o nā waihona.
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole
· ʻElua mau ala nohonua lahaka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka hydrometallurgy a me ka pyrometallurgy.
· ʻO ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka hydrometallurgy honua a me ka metala kemika metala ka hapa nui i ka hoʻonā a me ka solvent, e like me ka decomposition o ka honua koʻikoʻi concentrate, kaʻawale a me ka unuhi ʻana o ka honua.nā ʻokikene honua laha ʻole, pūhui, a me nā metala honua laha ʻole, e hoʻohana ana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale kemika e like me ka ua, crystallization, oxidation-reduction, solvent extraction, a me ka hoʻololi ion.ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, he kaʻina holoʻokoʻa no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻoihana o nā mea hoʻokahi maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.He paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana hydrometallurgy a he kiʻekiʻe ka maʻemaʻe o ka huahana.Loaʻa i kēia ʻano hana ka nui o nā noi i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana i hoʻopau ʻia.
He maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana pyrometallurgical a he kiʻekiʻe ka huahana.honua laha oleʻO ka pyrometallurgy ka nui o ka hana ʻana onā mea hoʻohui honua rarema ke ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa silicothermic, ka hana ʻana i nā metala honua laha ʻole a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ke ʻano electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a me ka hana ʻana onā mea hoʻohui honua rarema ke ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela metala etc.
ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ka pyrometallurgy ka hana ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe.
Kaʻina hana ʻāina laha ʻole
·honua laha olecarbonate a mechloride lepo laha oleʻO nā huahana kumu nui ʻelua i kahonua lahaʻoihana.Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, aia i kēia manawa ʻelua kaʻina hana nui no ka hana ʻana i kēia mau huahana ʻelua.ʻO kekahi kaʻina hana ʻo ia ke kaʻina hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka waikawa sulfuric acid, a ʻo ke kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo ka caustic soda process, i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo ka caustic soda process.
· Ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana i loko o nā minerala like ʻole o ka honua, kahi hapa nui onā mea ʻeleʻele rarema ke ʻano, noho pū me nā minerala apatite a me phosphate.ʻO ka nui o nā waihona phosphate o ka honua ma kahi o 100 biliona tons, me ka awelikahonua lahamaʻiʻo o 0.5 ‰.Ua manaoia o ka huina nui ohonua lahapili me ka phosphate ore i ka honua he 50 miliona tons.I ka paneʻana i nāʻano o ka haʻahaʻahonua lahamaʻiʻo a me ke kūlana hanana kūikawā ma nā mines, ua aʻo ʻia nā kaʻina hana hoʻolaʻa like ʻole ma ka home a me ka honua, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻano wai a me nā ʻano wela.Ma nā ʻano wai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ke ʻano o ka waikawa nitric, ke ʻano waika hydrochloric, a me ke ʻano sulfuric acid e like me nā ʻano decomposition ʻokoʻa.Aia nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻihoʻi i nā ʻāina laha ʻole mai nā kaʻina kemika phosphorus, pili loa ia mau mea āpau i nā ʻano hana o ka phosphate ore.I loko o ke kaʻina hana wela, kahonua lahahiki ke hōʻea i ka 60%.
Me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai pōhaku phosphate a me ka neʻe ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pōhaku phosphate haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua lilo ka sulfuric acid wet process phosphoric acid i ke ʻano kumu nui i ka ʻoihana kemika phosphate, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana onā mea ʻeleʻele rarei ka sulfuric acid wai kaʻina phosphoric acid ua lilo i wahi wela noiʻi.I ke kaʻina hana o ka sulfuric acid wet process phosphoric acid, ʻo ke kaʻina o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāina laha ʻole i loko o ka waikawa phosphoric a laila hoʻohana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe e hoʻoiho i nā ʻāina laha ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻano hana mua.
Kaʻina ʻohi ʻāina laha ʻole
Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe sulfuric acid
Ceriumhui (ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i nā paʻakai paʻakikī sulfate) -lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, a me ka promethium;
Terbiumpūʻulu (hoʻoheheʻe iki ʻia i nā paʻakai paʻakikī sulfate) -samarium, europium, gadolinium, hoʻopaʻapaʻa, dysprosium, aholmium;
Yttriumpūʻulu (soluble in sulfate complex paʻakai) -yttrium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium,lutetium, ascandium.
Hoʻokaʻawale unuhi
Māmāhonua laha(P204 hoʻokaʻawale ʻakika nāwaliwali) –lanthanum,cerium, praseodymium,neodymium, a me ka promethium;
ʻO ka honua laʻe waena (P204 haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa)-samarium,europium,gadolinium,hoʻopaʻapaʻa,dysprosium;
Kaumahahonua lahamau mea(ʻokiʻoki ʻana i ka acidity ma P204) -holmium,
Hoʻolauna i ke kaʻina hana unuhi
I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻananā mea ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi,ma muli o nā ʻano kino like ʻole a me nā mea kemika o 17 mau mea, a me ka nui o nā mea haumia i hui pū ʻia.nā mea ʻeleʻele rare, ʻano paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana unuhi a hoʻohana mau ʻia.
ʻEkolu ʻano o nā kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe: ʻo ke ʻano heʻanuʻu, ka hoʻololi ion, a me ka wehe ʻana i ka solvent.
Kaʻina hana ʻanuʻu
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka solubility o nā pūhui i loko o nā solvents i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano heʻanuʻu.Maiyttrium(Y) ilutetium(Lu), kahi kaʻawale hoʻokahi ma waena o nā mea kūlohelohe a paunā mea ʻeleʻele rare, me ka radium i ʻike ʻia e ka kāne Curie,
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou a pau me kēia ʻano hana.ʻO ke kaʻina hana o kēia ʻano hana paʻakikī, a ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale hoʻokahi o nā mea āpau o ka honua i hala ma mua o 100 mau makahiki, me ka hoʻokaʻawale hoʻokahi a me ka hana hou ʻana a hiki i 20000 mau manawa.No nā mea hana kemika, kā lākou hana
He kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika a paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana.No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana ke hoʻohua i hoʻokahi honua laha i ka nui.
Hoʻololi Ion
Ua keakea ʻia ka hana noiʻi ʻana i nā mea o ka honua ma muli o ka hiki ʻole ke hana i hoʻokahiʻeleʻele honua laha ʻolei nā mea nui ma o nā ʻano ʻanuʻu.I mea e kālailai ai i kanā mea ʻeleʻele rarei loko o nā huahana fission nuklea a hoʻoneʻe i nā mea o ka honua laha mai ka uranium a me ka thorium, ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻia ka chromatography hoʻololi ion (ion exchange chromatography), a laila hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana oʻeleʻele honua laha ʻoles.ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ke ʻano hoʻololi ion ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea he nui i hoʻokahi hana.A hiki ke loaʻa i nā huahana maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hemahema ʻaʻole hiki ke hana mau ʻia, me kahi pōʻai hana lōʻihi a me nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe no ka resin regeneration a me ka hoʻololi.No laila, ʻo kēia ke ʻano kumu nui no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole i hoʻomaha ʻia mai ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale nui a hoʻololi ʻia e ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka chromatography hoʻololi ion i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā huahana like ʻole o ka honua maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, i kēia manawa, i mea e hana ai i nā huahana hoʻokahi maʻemaʻe ultra-kiʻekiʻe a hoʻokaʻawale i kekahi mau mea koʻikoʻi honua, pono nō hoʻi e hoʻohana i ka chromatography hoʻololi ion. e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻohua i kahi hua honua laha ʻole.
Wehewehe ʻana
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik e huki a hoʻokaʻawale i ka mea i unuhi ʻia mai kahi wai wai immiscible i kapa ʻia ʻo organic solvent liquid-liquid extraction, i hoʻopau ʻia he solvent extraction.He kaʻina hoʻoili nui ia e hoʻololi ai i nā mea mai kekahi pae wai i kekahi.Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe solvent i ka petrochemical, organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, a me analytical chemistry.Eia nō naʻe, i nā makahiki he kanahā i hala iho nei, ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻepekema atomic ikehu a me ka ʻenehana, a me ka pono no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ultrapure a me nā mea laha ʻole, ua holomua nui ka ʻili ʻana o ka solvent i nā ʻoihana e like me ka ʻoihana wahie nuklea a me nā metallurgy rare. .Ua hoʻokō ʻo Kina i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo unuhi, ka synthesis a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā extractants hou, a me ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka honua.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale e like me ka graded precipitation, graded crystallization, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ion, ʻo ka solvent extraction he ʻano o nā pono e like me ka hopena hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi, ka mana hana nui, ʻoluʻolu no ka hana wikiwiki a hoʻomau, a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻokō i ka mana aunoa.No laila, ua lilo mālie ia i ke ala nui no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka nui ohonua lahas.
Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe honua laha
Hana i nā mea maka
Nā metala honua laha ʻoleua māhele ʻia i loko o nā metala luahi like ʻole a me ka mea hoʻokahimetala lepo laha ole.ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka hui ʻanametala lepo laha oleua like ia me ka haku honua laha ole i loko o ka oka, a o ka metala hookahi he metala i hookaawaleia a hoomaemaeia mai kela a me keia aina laha ole.He paʻakikī ke hoʻemiʻohe lepo lāʻaus (koe na oxides osamarium,europium,, thulium,ytterbium) i hoʻokahi metala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano metala maʻamau, ma muli o ko lākou wela kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.No laila, ʻo ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana ometala lepo laha olei kēia mau lā, ʻo kā lākou chloride a me fluoride.
Hoʻoheheʻe paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe
ʻO ka hana nui o ka huimetala lepo laha olema ka ʻoihana e hoʻohana maʻamau i ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe paʻakai electrolysis.ʻElua mau ala o ka electrolysis: chloride electrolysis a me oxide electrolysis.ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomākaukau o kahi hoʻokahimetala lepo laha oleʻokoʻa ma muli o ka mea.samarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumʻAʻole kūpono ia no ka hoʻomākaukau electrolytic ma muli o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka mahu, a ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano distillation hōʻemi.Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe e ka electrolysis a i ʻole ke ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela metala.
ʻO ka chloride electrolysis ke ʻano maʻamau no ka hana ʻana i nā metala, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā metala honua like ʻole.He mea maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana, pono ke kumu kūʻai, a pono ka hoʻolimalima liʻiliʻi.Eia naʻe, ʻo ka drawback nui loa ʻo ia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kinoea chlorine, kahi e hoʻohaumia ai ke kaiapuni.ʻAʻole hoʻokuʻu ka oxide electrolysis i nā kinoea ʻino, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai.ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻokahi kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻenā ʻāina laha ʻolee like meneodymiumapraseodymiumhana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electrolysis oxide.
Hiki i ke ʻano hana electrolysis hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ke hoʻomākaukau i ka papa ʻoihana maʻamaumetala lepo laha ole.Hoʻomākaukaumetala lepo laha oleme nā haumia haʻahaʻa a me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke ʻano hana hoʻemi wela wela.Hiki i kēia ʻano hana ke hana i nā metala honua like ʻole, akāsamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumʻAʻole hiki ke hana ʻia me kēia ʻano hana.ʻO ka hiki redox osamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiuma emi hapa wale ka calciumhonua lahafluoride.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kēia mau metala e pili ana i nā loina o ke kaomi mahu kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau metala a me ke kaomi mahu haʻahaʻa ometala lanthanums.ʻO nā oxides o kēia mau mea ʻehānā ʻāina laha ʻolehui pu ia me na apana ometala lanthanums a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā poloka, a hoʻemi ʻia i loko o kahi umu ahi.Lanthanumua oi aku ka hana, oiaisamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumua hoemi i ke gula elanthanuma hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka condensation, e maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka slag.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-07-2023