ʻAʻole hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano papillary ma nā manamana lima kanaka i ko lākou ʻano topological mai ka hānau ʻana, loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole mai ke kanaka a me ke kanaka, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi nā ʻano papillary ma kēlā me kēia manamana lima o ke kanaka hoʻokahi.Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano papilla ma nā manamana lima a māhele ʻia me nā pores hou.Huna mau ke kino o ke kanaka i nā mea wai e like me ka hou a me nā mea ʻaila e like me ka ʻaila.E hoʻoili a waiho ʻia kēia mau mea ma luna o ka mea i ka wā e hoʻopili ai lākou, e hana ana i nā manaʻo i ka mea.Ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa o nā paʻi lima, e like me ko lākou ʻano kikoʻī, ke kūpaʻa o ke ola, a me ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o nā hōʻailona paʻi i lilo ai nā manamana lima i hōʻailona o ka hoʻokolokolo hewa a me ka ʻike pilikino mai ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i nā manamana lima no ka ʻike pilikino. i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19.
Ma ke kahua kalaima, koe wale no nā manamana lima ʻekolu-dimensional a me ka palahalaha, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe loa o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manamana lima.Pono nā manamana lima kūpono i ka hana ʻike ma o nā hopena kino a kemika paha.ʻO nā ʻano hana hoʻomohala manamana lima maʻamau e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala optical, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pauka, a me ka hoʻomohala kemika.Ma waena o lākou, makemake ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pauka e nā ʻāpana kumu ma muli o kāna hana maʻalahi a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kūpono nā palena o ka hōʻike manamana lima maʻamau i nā pono o nā ʻenehana karaima, e like me ka paʻakikī a me nā kala like ʻole o ka mea ma ke kahua hewa, a me ka ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka manamana lima a me ke kala hope;ʻO ka nui, ke ʻano, ka viscosity, ka ratio haku mele, a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana pauda e pili ana i ka naʻau o ka pauda.ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka koho ʻana o nā pauka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka adsorption o nā mea pulu ma luna o ka pauka, kahi e hōʻemi nui ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pauka kahiko.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke noiʻi mau nei nā limahana hana hewa a me ka ʻenehana i nā mea hou a me nā ʻano hana synthesis, ma waena o lākouhonua lahaUa hoʻohuli ʻia nā mea luminescent i ka manaʻo o ka ʻepekema kalaima a me nā limahana ʻenehana ma muli o ko lākou mau ʻano luminescent kūʻokoʻa, kiʻekiʻe ʻokoʻa, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe ke koho, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hōʻike manamana lima.ʻO nā orbital 4f i hoʻopiha mālie ʻia o nā mea honua laha ʻole e hāʻawi iā lākou me nā pae ikehu waiwai loa, a ua hoʻopiha piha ʻia nā orbital electron layer 5s a me 5P o nā mea honua.Ua pale ʻia nā electrons layer 4f, e hāʻawi ana i nā electrons layer 4f i kahi ʻano o ka neʻe.No laila, hōʻike ʻia nā mea ʻano honua laha ʻole i ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa kemika me ka ʻole o ka photobleaching, e lanakila ana i nā palena o nā mea hoʻonaninani maʻamau.Kahi mea hou aʻe,honua lahaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea uila a me nā waiwai magnetic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona optical kūikawā ohonua lahaʻO nā ion, e like me ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o ka fluorescence, ka nui o ka absorption haiki a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, a me ka nui o ka ikehu absorption a me nā puka hoʻokuʻu, ua huki nui ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka noiʻi pili o ka hōʻike manamana lima.
Ma waena o nā lehulehuhonua lahamau mea,europiumʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.ʻO Demarcay, ka mea ʻikeeuropiumi ka makahiki 1900, ua wehewehe mua i na laina oi ma ka spectrum absorption o Eu3+ in solution.I ka makahiki 1909, wehewehe ʻo Urban i ka cathodoluminescence oGd2O3: Eu3+.I ka makahiki 1920, ua paʻi mua ʻo Prandtl i ka spectra absorption o Eu3+, e hōʻoia ana i nā ʻike a De Mare.Hōʻike ʻia ka spectrum absorption o Eu3+ ma ke Kiʻi 1. Aia maʻamau ʻo Eu3+ ma ka orbital C2 e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā electrons mai 5D0 a 7F2 pae, a laila e hoʻokuʻu i ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula.Hiki iā Eu3+ ke hoʻololi mai nā electrons mokuʻāina i ka pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i loko o ka laulā hawewe māmā.Ma lalo o ka hauʻoli o ke kukui ultraviolet, hōʻike ʻo Eu3 + i ka photoluminescence ʻulaʻula ikaika.ʻAʻole pili kēia ʻano photoluminescence i nā Eu3+ ion doped i loko o nā pani aniani a i ʻole nā aniani, akā i nā complexes i hoʻohui ʻia meeuropiuma me nā ligands organik.Hiki i kēia mau ligands ke lilo i mau antenna e hoʻomoʻi i ka luminescence excitation a e hoʻololi i ka ikehu excitation i nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe o Eu3+ ions.ʻO ka noi nui loa oeuropiumʻo ia ka pauda ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻulaY2O3: ʻO Eu3+(YOX) kahi mea nui o nā kukui fluorescent.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula o Eu3 + ma ke kukui ultraviolet wale nō, akā me ka uila uila (cathodoluminescence), X-ray γ Radiation α a i ʻole β Particle, electroluminescence, frictional a mechanical luminescence, a me nā ʻano chemiluminescence.Ma muli o kona waiwai luminescent waiwai, he mea hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā ʻano ʻepekema biomedical a i ʻole biological.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻāla ʻia ka hoihoi noiʻi o ka ʻepekema kalaima a me nā limahana ʻenehana i ke kahua o ka ʻepekema forensic, e hāʻawi ana i kahi koho maikaʻi e uhaʻi i nā palena o ke ʻano o ka pauka kuʻuna no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manamana lima, a he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa. ʻike, a me ke koho ʻana o ka hōʻike manamana lima.
Kiʻi 1 Eu3+Absorption Spectrogram
1,Luminescence loina oʻEuopa honua laha ʻolepaʻakikī
ʻO ke kūlana honua a me nā hoʻonohonoho uila moku'āina hauʻoli oeuropiumʻO nā ion he ʻano 4fn ʻelua.Ma muli o ka hopena pale maikaʻi loa o nā orbital s a me d a puni kaeuropiumnā iona ma nā orbital 4f, nā hoʻololi ff oeuropiumHōʻike nā ion i nā kaula laina ʻoi a lōʻihi ke ola fluorescence.Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa photoluminescence pono o nā ion europium i ka ultraviolet a me nā ʻāpana kukui ʻike ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia nā ligands organik e hana i nā paʻakikī meeuropiumnā ion e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka coefficient absorption o ka ultraviolet a me nā wahi mālamalama ʻike ʻia.ʻO ka fluorescence i hoʻopuka ʻia eeuropiumʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā complexes nā pono kūʻokoʻa o ka ikaika fluorescence kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻemaʻe fluorescence kiʻekiʻe, akā hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pono absorption kiʻekiʻe o nā pūhui organik i ka ultraviolet a me nā wahi māmā ʻike.ʻO ka ikehu hauʻoli e pono ai noeuropiumkiʻekiʻe ka ion photoluminescence ʻO ka hemahema o ka pono fluorescence haʻahaʻa.ʻElua mau kumu nui luminescence oʻEuopa honua laha ʻolecomplexes: hoʻokahi ka photoluminescence, e koi ana i ka ligand oeuropiumnā mea paʻakikī;ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona ʻo ka hopena antenna hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka naʻau oeuropiumion luminescence.
Ma hope o ka hauʻoli ʻana e ka ultraviolet waho a i ʻole ke kukui ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka ligand organik i loko o kahonua lahanā hoʻololi paʻakikī mai ka mokuʻāina ʻo S0 a i ka mokuʻāina hoʻohiwahiwa S1.ʻAʻole paʻa nā electrons mokuʻāina hauʻoli a hoʻi i ka mokuʻāina ʻo S0 ma o ka radiation, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu no ka ligand e hoʻokuʻu i ka fluorescence, a i ʻole e lele koke i kona mokuʻāina hoʻohiwahiwa ʻekolu T1 a i ʻole T2 ma o nā ʻano radiative ʻole;Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mokuʻāina hauʻoli ʻekolu i ka ikehu ma o ka radiation e hana i ka ligand phosphorescence, a i ʻole e hoʻololi i ka ikehu imetala europiumion ma o non radiative intramolecular hoʻoili ikehu;Ma hope o ka hauʻoli, hoʻololi ʻia nā ion europium mai ka mokuʻāina i ke kūlana hauʻoli, aeuropiumʻO nā ion i loko o ke kūlana hauʻoli e hoʻololi i ka pae haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu, e hoʻi i ka pae honua, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu a hoʻoulu i ka fluorescence.No laila, ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ligands organik kūpono e launa pū mehonua lahanā ion a hoʻonaʻauao i nā ion metala waena ma o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ikehu radiative i loko o nā molekole, hiki ke hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hopena fluorescence o nā iona honua laha a hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ke koi no ka ikehu hoʻohiwahiwa o waho.Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hanana ʻo ka hopena antenna o nā ligands.Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ikehu ma nā Eu3+ complexes ma ke Kiʻi 2.
Ma ke kaʻina o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ikehu mai ka mokuʻāina ʻoliʻoli triplet a hiki i ka Eu3+, pono ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pae ikehu o ka ligand triplet excited state ma mua o a kūlike paha me ka pae ikehu o ka mokuʻāina Eu3+excited.Akā inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu triplet o ka ligand ma mua o ka ikehu mokuʻāina haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o Eu3+, e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu.Ke liʻiliʻi ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mokuʻāina triplet o ka ligand a me ka mokuʻāina hauʻoli haʻahaʻa loa o Eu3+, e nāwaliwali ka ikaika o ka fluorescence ma muli o ka mana o ka helu hoʻopau wela o ka mokuʻāina triplet o ka ligand.Loaʻa i nā complexes β- Diketone nā mea maikaʻi o ka coefficient absorption UV ikaika, ka hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ikaika, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu maikaʻi mehonua lahas, a hiki ke noho ma nā ʻano paʻa a me nā ʻano wai, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i hoʻokahi o nā ligands i hoʻohana nui ʻia i lokohonua lahapaʻakikī.
Kiʻi 2 Kiʻikuhi pae ikehu o ka hoʻoili ikehu ma Eu3+paʻakikī
2.Synthesis Method oʻEuropium Honua Laha ʻoleNā mea paʻakikī
2.1 Kiʻekiʻe wela solid-state synthesis ala
ʻO ke ʻano paʻa paʻa kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano hana maʻamau no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻanahonua lahanā mea luminescent, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻoihana.ʻO ke ʻano hana synthesis solid-state kiʻekiʻe ka hopena o nā pilina mea paʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe (800-1500 ℃) e hana i nā pūhui hou ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻātoma paʻa a i ʻole.Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano paʻa paʻa kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomākaukau aihonua lahapaʻakikī.ʻO ka mea mua, ua hui pū ʻia nā mea hana i kekahi ʻāpana, a hoʻohui ʻia ka nui o ka flux i kahi mortar no ka wili ʻana e hōʻoia i ka hui ʻana.Ma hope, hoʻokomoʻia nā mea hoʻonā honua i loko o ka umu wela wela no ka calcination.I loko o ke kaʻina hana calcination, hiki ke hoʻopiha ʻia ka oxidation, hoʻemi, a i ʻole nā kinoea inert e like me nā pono o ke kaʻina hoʻokolohua.Ma hope o ka calcination kiʻekiʻe-mehana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi matrix me kahi ʻano aniani kikoʻī, a hoʻohui ʻia ka mea hoʻoulu i nā ion honua maʻamau e hana i kahi luminescent center.Pono e hoʻomaloʻo, holoi, hoʻomaloʻo, wili hou, calcination, a me ka nānā ʻana ma ka lumi wela e loaʻa ai ka huahana.ʻO ka maʻamau, pono nā kaʻina hana wili a me ka calcination.Hiki i ka wili ʻana he nui ke hoʻokē i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena a hoʻopiha i ka hopena.ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kaʻina wili i ka wahi pili o nā reactants, e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka diffusion a me ka wikiwiki o ka lawe ʻana o nā ion a me nā molekala i loko o nā reactants, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena hopena.Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā manawa calcination a me nā mahana i ke ʻano o ka matrix kristal i hana ʻia.
ʻO ke ʻano paʻa paʻa kiʻekiʻe ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana maʻalahi, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manawa pōkole, e lilo ia i ʻenehana hoʻomākaukau oʻo.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā drawbacks nui o ke ʻano paʻa paʻa kiʻekiʻe: ʻo ka mea mua, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wela o ka hopena, e koi ana i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea kani, hoʻopau i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, a paʻakikī ke kāohi i ka morphology kristal.ʻAʻole kūlike ka morphology o ka huahana, a ke kumu i ka pōʻino o ke kūlana kristal, e pili ana i ka hana luminescence.ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka lawa ʻole o ka wili ʻana he mea paʻakikī i ka hui ʻana o nā reactants, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana aniani.Ma muli o ka manual a mechanical grinding, hui pū ʻia nā haumia e hoʻopilikia i ka luminescence, e hopena i ka maʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa o ka huahana.ʻO ke kolu o ka hoʻopuka ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻopili ʻole ʻana o ka uhi ʻana a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka wā o ke kaʻina noi.Lai et al.i hoʻohui ʻia i kahi pūʻulu o Sr5 (PO4) 3Cl hoʻokahi-phase polychromatic fluorescent pauka doped me Eu3+ a me Tb3+ me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kuʻuna paʻa wela kiʻekiʻe.Ma lalo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ultraviolet, hiki i ka pauka fluorescent ke hoʻololi i ka waihoʻoluʻu luminescence o ka phosphor mai ka ʻāpana uliuli a i ka ʻāina ʻōmaʻomaʻo e like me ka manaʻo doping, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i nā hemahema o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa rendering index a me ke kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka wela kala i nā diodes keʻokeʻo. .ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe ka pilikia nui i ka synthesis o nā pauka fluorescent e pili ana i ka borophosphate ma ke ʻano paʻa paʻa kiʻekiʻe.I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe loea i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā matrices kūpono e hoʻonā i ka pilikia hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe o ke ʻano solid-state kiʻekiʻe.Ma 2015, Hasegawa et al.ua hoʻopau i ka hoʻomākaukau paʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o Li2NaBP2O8 (LNBP) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūʻulu ākea P1 o ka ʻōnaehana triclinic no ka manawa mua.Ma 2020, Zhu et al.hōʻike ʻia kahi ala haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa solid-state synthesis no kahi moʻolelo Li2NaBP2O8: Eu3+(LNBP: Eu) phosphor, e ʻimi ana i kahi hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke ala synthesis haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no nā phosphor inorganic.
2.2 ʻO ke ʻano o ka ua
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ua ʻana he ʻano hana maʻamau "kemika palupalu" no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea luminescent honua laha ʻole.ʻO ke ʻano co precipitation e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi precipitant i ka reactant, ka mea e hoʻopili me nā cations i kēlā me kēia reactant e hana i kahi precipitate a i ʻole hydrolyzes i ka reactant ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana e hana ai i nā oxides, hydroxides, insoluble salts, etc. holoi, maloʻo, a me nā hana ʻē aʻe.ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi o ke ʻano co precipitation ka hana maʻalahi, ka hoʻohana manawa pōkole, ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me ka maʻemaʻe huahana kiʻekiʻe.ʻO kona pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻohua pololei i nā nanocrystals.ʻO nā hemahema o ke ʻano co precipitation: ʻo ka mea mua, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka huahana, e pili ana i ka hana luminescent o ka mea fluorescent;ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole maopopo a paʻakikī ke ʻano o ka huahana;ʻO ke kolu, aia kekahi mau koi no ke koho ʻana i nā mea maka, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka ua ma waena o kēlā me kēia reactant e like me ka hiki, ʻaʻole kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana lehulehu.K. Petcharoen et al.synthesized spherical magnetite nanoparticles me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ammonium hydroxide ma ke ʻano he precipitant a me ke ʻano kemika co precipitation.Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka Acetic acid a me ka oleic acid e like me nā mea hoʻopili i ka wā o ka crystallization pae mua, a ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka nui o nā nanoparticles magnetite i loko o ka laulā o 1-40nm ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahana.Ua loaʻa nā nanoparticles magnetite i hoʻopuehu maikaʻi ʻia i loko o ka wai wai ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻili, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ke ʻano o ka agglomeration o nā ʻāpana i ke ʻano co precipitation.Kee et al.ua hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena o ke ʻano hydrothermal a me ke ʻano o ka ua ma ke ʻano, ke ʻano, a me ka nui o ka Eu-CSH.Hōʻike lākou i ka hana hydrothermal e hoʻohua i nā nanoparticles, aʻo ke ʻano co precipitation e hana i nā ʻāpana prismatic submicron.Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano co precipitation, hōʻike ke ʻano hydrothermal i ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika photoluminescence ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka pauka Eu-CSH.JK Han et al.ua hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano hou co precipitation me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe wai ʻole N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) e hoʻomākaukau ai (Ba1-xSrx) 2SiO4: Eu2 phosphors me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka nui haiki a me ka pono quantum kiʻekiʻe kokoke i nā ʻāpana spherical nano a i ʻole submicron nui.Hiki i ka DMF ke hōʻemi i nā hopena polymerization a hoʻolohi i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena i ka wā o ka ua, e kōkua ana i ka pale ʻana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana.
2.3 ʻO ke ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai
Ua hoʻomaka ke ʻano hydrothermal ma waena o ke kenekulia 19 i ka wā i hoʻohālikelike ai ka poʻe geologists i ka mineralization kūlohelohe.I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua oʻo mālie ke kumumanaʻo a ʻo ia kekahi o nā ala kemika hoʻonā maikaʻi loa.ʻO ke ʻano hydrothermal kahi kaʻina e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka mahu wai a i ʻole ka wai wai e like me ke ala (e lawe i nā ion a me nā pūʻulu molekula a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ke kaomi) e hiki ai i kahi kūlana subcritical a supercritical paha i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe a paʻa kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka mahana o 100-240 ℃, ʻoiai ka wela o ka hope a hiki i 1000 ℃), e hoʻolalelale i ka wikiwiki o ka hydrolysis reaction rate o nā mea maka, a ma lalo o ka convection ikaika, nā ion a me nā pūʻulu mole e hoʻolaha i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka recrystallization.ʻO ka mahana, ka waiwai pH, ka manawa pane, ka noʻonoʻo, a me ke ʻano o ka precursor i ka wā o ke kaʻina hydrolysis e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena, ka hiʻohiʻona aniani, ke ʻano, ke ʻano, a me ka ulu ʻana i nā pae like ʻole.ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ʻaʻole wale ka wikiwiki i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea maka, akā e hoʻonui pū i ka hui ʻana o nā molekala e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka kristal.ʻO ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o kēlā me kēia mokulele aniani i nā kristal pH nā kumu nui e pili ana i ka pae aniani, ka nui, a me ka morphology.Hoʻopili pū ka lōʻihi o ka manawa pane i ka ulu ʻana o ke aniani, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana.
ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ke ʻano hydrothermal ka mea nui i hōʻike ʻia ma: ʻo ka mea mua, ka maʻemaʻe aniani kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe haumia haumia, ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻāpana, ka hua kiʻekiʻe, a me ka morphology huahana like ʻole;ʻO ka lua, he maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana, haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai, a haʻahaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu.Hoʻokō ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hopena ma waena o nā wahi wela haʻahaʻa, a maʻalahi nā ʻano hopena e hoʻokele.He ākea ka laulā noi a hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi hoʻomākaukau o nā ʻano mea like ʻole;ʻO ke kolu, he haʻahaʻa ke kaomi o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke kaiapuni a he maʻalahi ia i ke olakino o nā mea hana.ʻO kāna mau hemahema nui, ʻo ka precursor o ka hopena e maʻalahi i ka pH kaiapuni, ka mahana, a me ka manawa, a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa oxygen ka huahana.
Hoʻohana ke ʻano solvothermal i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik e like me ke ʻano o ka hopena, e hoʻonui hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻano hydrothermal.Ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o nā waiwai kino a me nā mea kemika ma waena o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik a me ka wai, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mīkini pane, a ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano, ke ʻano, a me ka nui o ka huahana.Nallappan et al.synthesized MoOx crystals me nā morphologies like ʻole mai ka pepa a i ka nanorod ma ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka manawa pane o ke ʻano hydrothermal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium dialkyl sulfate ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokele kristal.Dianwen Hu et al.nā mea hoʻohuihui i hoʻohui ʻia e pili ana i ka polyoxymolybdenum cobalt (CoPMA) a me UiO-67 a i ʻole i loko o nā pūʻulu bipyridyl (UiO-bpy) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano solvothermal ma ke koho ʻana i nā kūlana synthesis.
2.4 Sol gel ala
ʻO ke ʻano sol gel kahi hana kemika kuʻuna e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā mea hana inorganic, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā nanomaterial metala.I ka makahiki 1846, ua hoʻohana mua ʻo Elbelmen i kēia ʻano hana e hoʻomākaukau ai iā SiO2, akā ʻaʻole i oʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana.ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea hoʻoulu i ka honua i ka hopena hopena mua e hana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe volatilize e hana i ka gel, a loaʻa i ka gel i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka huahana pahuhopu ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana.ʻO ka phosphor i hana ʻia e ke ʻano sol gel he morphology maikaʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona structural, a he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka huahana, akā pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kona luminosity.ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau o ke ʻano sol-gel he mea maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e hana, haʻahaʻa ka wela o ka hopena, a kiʻekiʻe ka hana palekana, akā lōʻihi ka manawa, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka nui o kēlā me kēia lapaʻau.Gaponenko et al.hoʻomākaukau amorphous BaTiO3/SiO2 multilayer hoʻolālā e ka centrifugation a me ka wela lapaʻau sol-gel ala me ka maikaʻi transmissivity a me refractive index, a kuhikuhi mai i ka refractive index o BaTiO3 kiʻiʻoniʻoni e mahuahua me ka piʻi o ka sol kuʻina.I ka makahiki 2007, ua hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi ka hui noiʻi o Liu L i ka Eu3+ metala ion/sensitizer paʻakikī i loko o nā nanocomposites e pili ana i ka silica a me ka gel maloʻo doped me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano sol gel.I loko o nā hui like ʻole o nā derivatives like ʻole o ka honua sensitizers a me ka silica nanoporous templates, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 1,10-phenanthroline (OP) sensitizer i ka template tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) hāʻawi i ka fluorescence doped dry gel maikaʻi loa e hoʻāʻo i nā waiwai spectral o Eu3+.
2.5 Ke ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe microwave
ʻO ke ʻano o ka microwave synthesis kahi ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou a me ka pollution-free chemical synthesis i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano solid-state kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka synthesis material, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ke kahua o ka nanomaterial synthesis, e hōʻike ana i ka manawa hoʻomohala maikaʻi.He nalu electromagnetic ka microwave me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma waena o 1nn a me 1m.ʻO ke ʻano Microwave ke kaʻina hana e hoʻomaka ai nā ʻāpana microscopic i loko o ka mea hoʻomaka i ka polarization ma lalo o ka mana o ka ikaika kahua electromagnetic waho.Ke hoʻololi nei ke kuhikuhi o ke kahua uila microwave, hoʻololi mau ka neʻe a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā dipoles.ʻO ka pane hysteresis o nā dipoles, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o kā lākou ikehu wela me ka ʻole o ka pono o ka collision, friction, a me ka nalowale dielectric ma waena o nā mana a me nā molekala, e hoʻokō i ka hopena wela.Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻomehana microwave hiki ke hoʻomehana i ka ʻōnaehana hopena holoʻokoʻa a alakaʻi koke i ka ikehu, no laila e hoʻolaha ana i ka holomua o nā hopena kūlohelohe, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano hoʻomākaukau kuʻuna, ʻo ke ʻano o ka microwave synthesis nā mea maikaʻi o ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, palekana ʻōmaʻomaʻo, liʻiliʻi a me ka lole. ka nui o ke kino, a me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻohana nei ka hapa nui o nā hōʻike i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe microwave e like me ka pauka kalapona, Fe3O4, a me MnO2 e hāʻawi pololei i ka wela no ka hopena.ʻO nā mea maʻalahi e hoʻopili ʻia e nā microwaves a hiki ke hoʻāla i nā reactants ponoʻī e pono e ʻimi hou aku.Liu et al.ua hoʻohui i ke kaʻina hana co precipitation me ke ʻano microwave e synthesize spinel maʻemaʻe LiMn2O4 me ka porous morphology a me nā waiwai maikaʻi.
2.6 Keʻano puhi ahi
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o ka puhi ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻomehana kuʻuna, e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea organik e hoʻopuka i ka huahana i manaʻo ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka hopena a maloʻo.ʻO ke kinoea i hana ʻia e ka puhi ʻana i nā mea organik hiki ke hoʻolohi i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka agglomeration.Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano hoʻomehana solid-state, hoʻemi ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu a kūpono i nā huahana me nā koi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Eia nō naʻe, pono ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohui, e hoʻonui i ke kumukūʻai.He liʻiliʻi ko kēia ʻano hana a ʻaʻole kūpono no ka hana ʻoihana.ʻO ka huahana i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano hoʻopau ʻana he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a like ka nui, akā ma muli o ke kaʻina hana pōkole, hiki ke loaʻa nā kristal piha ʻole, e pili ana i ka hana luminescence o nā kristal.ʻO Anning et al.ua hoʻohana i ka La2O3, B2O3, a me Mg i mea hoʻomaka a hoʻohana i ka paʻakai kōkua i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hana ai i ka pauka LaB6 i nā pūʻulu i kahi manawa pōkole.
3. Noi oʻEuopa honua laha ʻolepaʻakikī i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manamana lima
ʻO ke ʻano hōʻike ʻana i ka pauka kekahi o nā ʻano hana hōʻike manamana lima maʻamau a kuʻuna.I kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pauka e hōʻike ana i nā manamana lima i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: nā pauka maʻamau, e like me nā pauka magnetic i haku ʻia me ka pauka hao maikaʻi a me ka pauka kalapona;ʻO nā pauka metala, e like me ka pauda gula,pauda kala, a me nā pauka metala ʻē aʻe me kahi hoʻonohonoho pūnaewele;ʻO ka pauka fluorescent.Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī nui nā pauka kuʻuna i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manamana lima a i ʻole nā manamana lima kahiko ma nā mea paʻakikī i hope, a loaʻa kekahi hopena ʻona i ke olakino o nā mea hoʻohana.I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua makemake nui nā limahana ʻepekema kalaima a me ka ʻenehana i ka noi ʻana i nā mea fluorescent nano no ka hōʻike manamana lima.Ma muli o nā waiwai luminescent kū hoʻokahi o Eu3+ a me ka hoʻohana ākea ohonua lahanā mea waiwai,ʻEuopa honua laha ʻoleʻAʻole i lilo nā complexes i wahi wela no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka ʻepekema forensic, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā manaʻo noiʻi ākea no ka hōʻike ʻana i ka manamana lima.Eia naʻe, ʻo Eu3+ i loko o nā wai a i ʻole nā mea paʻa he maikaʻi ʻole ka hana absorption māmā a pono e hui pū ʻia me nā ligands e hoʻonaʻauao a hoʻopuka i ka mālamalama, e hiki ai iā Eu3+ ke hōʻike i nā waiwai fluorescence ikaika a mau loa.I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ligands maʻamau i hoʻohana nui ʻia me β- Diketones, nā waikawa carboxylic a me nā paʻakai carboxylate, nā polymers organik, nā macrocycles supramolecular, etc. Me ka noiʻi hohonu a me ka noi ʻana oʻEuopa honua laha ʻolepaʻakikī, ua ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa, ka haʻalulu o ka hui ʻana o nā molekala H2O i loko.europiumHiki i nā paʻakikī ke hoʻopau i ka luminescence.No laila, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ka koho maikaʻi a me ka ʻokoʻa ikaika i ka hōʻike manamana lima, pono e hoʻoikaika ʻia e aʻo pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka paʻa wela a me ka mechanical.europiumpaʻakikī.
I ka makahiki 2007, ʻo ka hui noiʻi a Liu L ka paionia o ka hoʻolauna ʻanaeuropiumpaʻakikī i ke kahua o ka hōʻike manamana lima no ka manawa mua ma ka home a ma waho.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā paʻipaʻi Eu3+ metal ion/sensitizer paʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka fluorescent a me ka māmā no ka ʻike ʻana i ka manamana lima ma nā mea pili forensic like ʻole, me ka foil gula, aniani, plastic, pepa kala a me nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Ua hoʻokomo ka noiʻi ʻimi i ke kaʻina hoʻomākaukau, UV/Vis spectra, fluorescence hiʻohiʻona, a me nā hopena lepili manamana lima o kēia mau nanocomposites Eu3+/OP/TEOS hou.
Ma 2014, Seung Jin Ryu et al.hana mua i ka Eu3+ paʻakikī ([EuCl2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] Cl · H2O) e ka hexahydrateeuropium chloride(EuCl3 · 6H2O) a me 1-10 phenanthroline (Phen).Ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ion ma waena o nā ion sodium interlayer aeuropiumpaʻakikī ions, intercalated nano hybrid pūhui (Eu (Phen) 2) 3+- synthesized lithium kopa pōhaku a me Eu (Phen) 2) 3+- maoli montmorillonite) i loaa.Ma lalo o ka hauʻoli o ke kukui UV ma ka nalu o 312nm, ʻaʻole mālama wale nā mea paʻakikī ʻelua i ke ʻano photoluminescence phenomena, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka thermal, chemical, a me ka mechanical stability i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka Eu3 + complexes maʻemaʻe. e like me ka hao i loko o ke kino nui o ka lithium soapstone, [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- lithium soapstone i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka luminescence ikaika ma mua o [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- montmorillonite, a hōʻike ka manamana lima i nā laina ʻoi aku ka ikaika ka hope.Ma 2016, V Sharma et al.synthesized strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) nano fluorescent pauka me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻopau.He kūpono ka pauka no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manamana lima hou a kahiko ma nā mea permeable a me nā mea ʻole e like me ka pepa kala maʻamau, ka pepa pahu, ka alumini alumini, a me nā disc optical.ʻAʻole wale ia e hōʻike i ka naʻau kiʻekiʻe a me ke koho, akā he mau hiʻohiʻona afterglow ikaika a lōʻihi hoʻi.Ma 2018, ʻo Wang et al.hoomakaukau CaS nanoparticles (ESM-CaS-NP) doped meeuropium, samarium, a me ka manganese me ka awelika anawaena o 30nm.Hoʻopili ʻia nā nanoparticles me nā ligand amphiphilic, e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻopuehu like ʻia i loko o ka wai me ka nalowale ʻole o kā lākou fluorescence pono;ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili ESM-CaS-NP me ka 1-dodecylthiol a me ka 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (Arg-DT) / MUA@ESM-CaS NPs ua hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka fluorescence i loko o ka wai a me ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā mea i hana ʻia e ka hydrolysis particle i ka nano fluorescent. pauda.ʻAʻole hōʻike wale kēia pauka fluorescent i nā manamana lima ma luna o nā mea e like me ke alumini alumini, ka plastik, ke aniani, a me nā kile seramika me ka naʻau kiʻekiʻe, akā loaʻa nō hoʻi kahi ākea o nā kumu kukui hauʻoli a ʻaʻole koi i nā lako kiʻi kiʻi kumukūʻai e hōʻike i nā manamana lima. i kēlā makahiki, ua hui pū ka hui noiʻi a Wang i kahi ʻano o ternaryeuropiumpaʻakikī [Eu (m-MA) 3 (o-Phen)] me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ortho, meta, a me ka p-methylbenzoic acid ma ke ʻano he ligand mua a me ka ortho phenanthroline ma ke ʻano he ligand lua me ke ʻano o ka ua.Ma lalo o 245nm ultraviolet light irradiation, hiki ke hōʻike maopopo ʻia nā manamana lima ma nā mea e like me nā plastics a me nā hōʻailona.Ma 2019, ʻo Sung Jun Park et al.Synthesized YBO3: Ln3+(Ln=Eu, Tb) phosphors ma o ke ʻano solvothermal, e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka manamana lima a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kumu.Ma 2020, Prabakaran et al.ua hoʻomohala i ka fluorescent Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3/D-Dextrose composite, me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā EuCl3 · 6H20 ma ke ʻano he precursor.Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 ua synthesized me ka hoʻohana 'ana i Phen a me 5,5′ – DMBP ma o ka wela wela ano, a laila Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cl3 a me D-Dextrose ma ke ʻano he precursor e hana i ka Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3 ma o ke ʻano adsorption.3/D-Dextrose paʻakikī.Ma o nā hoʻokolohua, hiki i ka composite ke hōʻike maopopo i nā manamana lima ma nā mea e like me nā pāpale ʻōmole plastik, nā aniani, a me ke kālā ʻApelika Hema ma lalo o ka hauʻoli o ka lā 365nm a i ʻole nā kukui ultraviolet, me ka hoʻohālikelike kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana fluorescence paʻa.Ma 2021, Dan Zhang et al.Ua hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi moʻolelo hexanuclear Eu3+complex Eu6 (PPA) 18CTP-TPY me ʻeono mau wahi paʻa, nona ka fluorescence thermal stability (<50 ℃) a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hōʻike manamana lima.Eia nō naʻe, pono nā hoʻokolohua hou e hoʻoholo ai i kāna ʻano malihini kūpono.Ma 2022, L Brini et al.Ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Eu: Y2Sn2O7 fluorescent pauka ma o ke ʻano co precipitation a me ka wili hou ʻana i ka mālama ʻana, hiki ke hōʻike i nā manamana lima ma luna o nā mea lāʻau a impermeable. -ʻano ʻano nanofluorescence ʻano mea, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka fluorescence ʻulaʻula ma lalo o ka 254nm ultraviolet excitation a me ka fluorescence ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma lalo o 980nm kokoke i ka infrared excitation, e loaʻa ana i ka hōʻike pālua ʻelua o nā manamana lima hiki i ka malihini.ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ka manamana lima ma nā mea e like me nā tile seramika, nā ʻāpana plastik, nā alumini alumini, RMB, a me ka pepa poʻo leka kala e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe, ke koho ʻana, ka ʻokoʻa, a me ke kūpaʻa ikaika i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka hope.
4 Nānā
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ka noiʻi maʻEuopa honua laha ʻoleUa hoʻokipa nui ʻia nā complexes, mahalo i kā lākou mau waiwai optical a me ka magnetic e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka luminescence intensity, ka maʻemaʻe kala kiʻekiʻe, ka lōʻihi o ka fluorescence ola, ka nui o ka ikehu absorption a me ka puka ʻana, a me nā piko absorption haiki.Me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea ʻike honua, ʻo kā lākou noi ma nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ke kukui a me ka hōʻikeʻike, bioscience, mahiʻai, pūʻali koa, ʻoihana ʻike uila, hoʻoili ʻike optical, fluorescence anti-counterfeiting, fluorescence detection, etc.ʻO nā waiwai optical oeuropiumʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā complexes, a ke hoʻonui mālie nei kā lākou papa noi.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kā lākou nele o ka thermal stability, mechanical properties, a me ka processability e kaupalena i kā lākou mau noi kūpono.Mai ka manaʻo noiʻi o kēia manawa, ka noiʻi noiʻi o nā waiwai optical oeuropiumʻO nā complexes ma ke kahua o ka ʻepekema forensic pono e nānā nui i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai optical oeuropiumpaʻakikī a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o nā ʻāpana fluorescent i hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i nā wahi haʻahaʻa, e mālama ana i ke kūpaʻa a me ka pono luminescence oeuropiumpaʻakikī i loko o nā hāʻina wai.I kēia mau lā, ua kau ka holomua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana i nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea hou.ʻOiai e hālāwai ana i nā pono noi, pono ia e hoʻokō me nā ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.No laila, noiʻi hou aʻe maeuropiumHe mea koʻikoʻi nā complexes no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumu waiwai waiwai ʻole o Kina a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema kalaima a me ka ʻenehana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-01-2023