Ka helu atomika omea thuliumʻo 69 a ʻo kona kaumaha atomika 168.93421.He ʻelua hapakolu o ka 100000 ka maʻiʻo i loko o ka ʻāʻī o ka honua, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa ma waena o nā mea ʻeleʻele.Loaʻa ia i loko o ka silico beryllium yttrium ore, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele gula, phosphorus yttrium ore, a me ka monazite.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea o ka honua maʻamau i loko o ka monazite hiki i ka 50%, me ka helu thulium no 0.007%.ʻO ka isotope kūpaʻa kūlohelohe wale nō ka thulium 169. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kumu kukui hana mana kiʻekiʻe, nā lasers, nā superconductors kiʻekiʻe, a me nā māla ʻē aʻe.
ʻIke ʻana i ka mōʻaukala
ʻIke ʻia e: PT Cleve
Ua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1878
Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Mossander i ka honua erbium a me ka honua terbium mai ka honua yttrium i ka makahiki 1842, ua hoʻohana nui nā chemists i ka nānā ʻana spectral e ʻike a hoʻoholo ai ʻaʻole lākou he oxide maʻemaʻe o kahi mea, i paipai i ka poʻe kemika e hoʻomau i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou.Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻanaytterbium oxideascandium oxidemai ka maunu oxidized, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Cliff i ʻelua mau mea hoʻoheheʻe hou i ka makahiki 1879. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi o lākou he thulium no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka ʻāina hānau o Cliff ma ka Scandinavian Peninsula (Thulia), me ka hōʻailona element Tu a i kēia manawa ʻo Tm.Me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka thulium a me nā mea ʻokoʻa honua ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hapa ʻē aʻe o ke kolu o ka pae o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻene honua.
hoʻonohonoho ʻelepona
hoʻonohonoho ʻelepona
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13
Thuliumhe metala keʻokeʻo kālā me ka ductility a hiki ke ʻoki ʻia me ka pahi ma muli o kona ʻano palupalu;Ka helu heheʻe 1545 ° C, kahi e hoʻolapalapa ai 1947 ° C, 9.3208 mānoanoa.
He kūpaʻa ka Thulium i ka ea;Tulium oxidehe aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā.ʻO ka paʻakai (divalent salt) oxides he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke kala.
Palapala noi
ʻOiai he kakaikahi a he pipiʻi ka thulium, aia nō kekahi mau noi ma nā kahua kūikawā.
Ke kumu kukui hoʻokuʻu ikaika kiʻekiʻe
Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ka Thulium i nā kumu kukui hoʻokuʻu kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano o nā halides maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe (maʻamau thulium bromide), me ka manaʻo e hoʻohana i ka spectrum o thulium.
Laser
ʻEkolu doped yttrium alumini garnet (Ho: Cr: Tm: YAG) solid-state pulse laser hiki ke hana ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka thulium ion, chromium ion, a me ka holmium ion i loko o ka yttrium alumini garnet, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka nalu o 2097 nm;Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka pūʻali koa, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā kahua meteorological.ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ka laser i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka thulium doped yttrium alumina garnet (Tm: YAG) solid-state pulse laser pae mai 1930 nm a 2040 nm.He mea maikaʻi loa ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana ma ka ʻili o nā ʻiʻo, no ka mea hiki iā ia ke pale i ka clotting mai ka hohonu loa i ka ea a me ka wai.ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai i nā laser thulium ke hoʻohana i ka hana laser maʻamau.He mea maikaʻi loa ka laser Thulium i ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻili o ka ʻiʻo ma muli o kona ikaika haʻahaʻa a me ka mana komo, a hiki ke coagulate me ka ʻole o ka hōʻeha hohonu.ʻO kēia ka mea e loaʻa ai i nā laser thulium ka mana nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina laser
ʻO ka laser doped Thulium
Puna X-ray
ʻOiai ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻomaka e hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea uila X-ray i loaʻa i ka thulium ma ke ʻano he kumu radiation i nā hopena nuklea.He hoʻokahi makahiki ke ola o kēia mau kumu radiation a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hana niho, a me nā mea hana ʻike kīnā ʻole no nā mea mīkini a me nā mea uila i paʻakikī ke loaʻa e ka mana kanaka.ʻAʻole pono kēia mau kumu hoʻolalelale i ka pale ʻana i ka radiation koʻikoʻi - pono wale ka liʻiliʻi o ke kēpau.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka thulium 170 ma ke ʻano he kumu radiation no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi kokoke e hoʻonui nui ʻia.He 128.6 lā ka hapalua o ke ola o kēia isotope a ʻelima mau laina hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ikaika nui (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, a me 84.253 kiloelectron volts).ʻO Thulium 170 kekahi o nā kumu hoʻoheheʻe ʻenehana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
ʻO nā mea superconducting wela kiʻekiʻe
E like me ka yttrium, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka thulium i nā superconductors kiʻekiʻe.Loaʻa i ka Thulium ka waiwai hoʻohana i ka ferrite ma ke ʻano he ceramic magnetic material i hoʻohana ʻia i nā lako microwave.Ma muli o kāna kiko kikoʻī, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka thulium i nā kukui kukui arc e like me scandium, a ʻo ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā kukui arc me ka thulium ʻaʻole e uhi ʻia e nā laina hoʻokuʻu o nā mea ʻē aʻe.Ma muli o kona hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka fluorescence polū ma lalo o ka radiation ultraviolet, hoʻohana ʻia ka thulium e like me kekahi o nā hōʻailona anti-counterfeiting i nā waihona kālā euro.Hoʻohana ʻia ka fluorescence polū e ka calcium sulfate i hoʻohui ʻia me ka thulium i ka dosimetry pilikino no ka ʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka radiation.
Nā noi ʻē aʻe
Ma muli o kona ʻano kikoʻī, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka thulium i nā kukui kukui arc e like me scandium, a ʻo ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā kukui arc me ka thulium ʻaʻole e uhi ʻia e nā laina hoʻokuʻu o nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻopuka ʻo Thulium i ka fluorescence polū ma lalo o ka radiation ultraviolet, e lilo ia i hoʻokahi o nā hōʻailona anti-hoʻopunipuni i nā waihona kālā euro.
Euro ma lalo o ka UV irradiation, me nā hōʻailona anti-hoʻopunipuni maopopo
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-25-2023