PraseodymiumʻO ia ke kolu o ka mea lanthanide nui loa i ka papaʻaina o nā mea kemika, me ka nui o 9.5 ppm i loko o ka ʻōpala, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa.cerium, yttrium,lanthanum, ascandium.ʻO ia ka ʻelima o nā mea nui loa i nā honua laha.Akā, e like me kona inoa,praseodymiumhe lālā maʻalahi a hoʻonani ʻole ʻia o ka ʻohana rare earth.
Ua ʻike ʻo CF Auer Von Welsbach i ka praseodymium i ka makahiki 1885.
I ka makahiki 1751, ua loaʻa i ka mineralogist Suedena ʻo Axel Fredrik Cronstedt he mineral koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina eli ʻo Bastn ä, i kapa ʻia ma hope he cerite.He kanakolu makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻouna ʻo Vilhelm Hisinger, he ʻumikūmālima makahiki mai ka ʻohana nona ka maina i kāna mau laʻana iā Carl Scheele, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i nā mea hou.I ka makahiki 1803, ma hope o ka lilo ʻana o Singer i mea hana ʻeleʻele, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i kahi eli me J ö ns Jacob Berzelius a hoʻokaʻawale i kahi oxide hou, ʻo ka honua dwarf Ceres, a lākou i ʻike ai i ʻelua makahiki i hala.Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Ceria e Martin Heinrich Klaproth ma Kelemānia.
Ma waena o ka makahiki 1839 a me 1843, ua ʻike ke kauka lapaʻau Suedena ʻo Carl Gustaf Mosander.cerium oxidehe hui o na oxides.Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i ʻelua mau oxides, i kapa ʻia ʻo lanthana a me didymia "didymia" (ʻo ia hoʻi "māhoe" ma ka ʻōlelo Helene).Ua decomposed hapa ia i kacerium nitratelaʻana ma ka ʻala ʻana iā ia i ka lewa, a laila mālama ʻia me ka dilute nitric acid e loaʻa ai ka oxide.No laila ua kapa ʻia nā metala i hoʻokumu i kēia mau oxidelanthanumapraseodymium.
I ka makahiki 1885, ua hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻo CF Auer Von Welsbach, he kanaka Austrian nāna i hoʻokumu i ka thorium cerium vapor lamp gauze uhi, i ka "praseodymium neodymium", nā "māhoe conjoined", kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ka paʻakai praseodymium ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka paʻakai neodymium kala rose. ʻelua mea hou.Ua kapa ʻia kekahi ʻo "Praseodymium", mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene prason, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hui ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka mea ʻo ka wai paʻakai praseodymium e hōʻike i kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo;Ua kapa ʻia ka mea ʻē aʻe "Neodymium“.ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻana o nā "māhoe conjoined" i hiki ai iā lākou ke hōʻike i kā lākou mau talena kūʻokoʻa.
Metala keʻokeʻo kala, palupalu a ductile.Loaʻa i ka Praseodymium kahi ʻano aniani hexagonal i ka lumi wela.ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka pale ʻana i ka ʻino ma ka lewa ma mua o ka lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, a me europium, akā i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i ka ea, hana ʻia kahi papa o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele palupalu, a hoʻokahi kenimika ka nui o ka metala praseodymium hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki.
E like me ka hapa nuinā mea ʻeleʻele rare, ʻO ka praseodymium ka mea hiki ke hoʻokumu i kahi kūlana oxidation +3, ʻo ia wale nō kona kūlana paʻa i nā ʻano wai.Loaʻa ka Praseodymium i loko o kahi kūlana oxidation +4 i kekahi mau pūhui paʻa i ʻike ʻia, a ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokaʻawale matrix, hiki iā ia ke hōʻea i kahi kūlana oxidation kūʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea lanthanide.
ʻO ka aqueous praseodymium ion he chartreuse, a he nui nā hoʻohana ʻoihana o praseodymium e pili ana i kona hiki ke kānana i ke kukui melemele i nā kumu māmā.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā uila Praseodymium
Nā hoʻokuʻu uila:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā electrons 59 o praseodymium e like me [Xe] 4f36s2.ʻO ka manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā electrons waho ʻelima e like me ka electron valence, akā pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrons waho ʻelima i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi.ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻokuʻu wale ka praseodymium i ʻekolu a ʻehā paha electron i loko o kāna mau pūhui.ʻO Praseodymium ka mea mua o ka lanthanide me kahi hoʻonohonoho uila e like me ke kumu Aufbau.He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka ikehu o kona orbital 4f ma mua o ka orbital 5d, ʻaʻole pili ia i ka lanthanum a me ka cerium, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoki koke o ka orbital 4f ma hope o ka lanthanum a ʻaʻole lawa ia e pale aku i ka noho ʻana i ka pūpū 5d i ka cerium.Eia naʻe, hōʻike ka praseodymium paʻa i kahi hoʻonohonoho [Xe] 4f25d16s2, kahi e like ai kekahi electron i loko o ka pūpū 5d me nā mea ʻē aʻe trivalent lanthanide ʻē aʻe (koe wale nō ka europium a me ka ytterbium, he divalent i nā mokuʻāina metala).
E like me ka hapa nui o nā mea lanthanide, hoʻohana maʻamau ka praseodymium i ʻekolu mau electron ma ke ʻano he valence electron, a ʻo ke koena 4f electrons he hopena paʻa ikaika: no ka mea, ke hele nei ka orbit 4f i ka inert xenon core o ka electron a hiki i ka nucleus, a ukali ʻia e 5d a me 6s. , a piʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka uku ionic.Eia naʻe, hiki i ka praseodymium ke hoʻomau i ka nalo ʻana i ka hā a i kekahi manawa i ka ʻelima valence electron, no ka mea, ʻike ʻia i ke kakahiaka nui o ka ʻōnaehana lanthanide, kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻouka kaua nuklea, a ʻo ka 4f subshell ikehu ke kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia. ʻoi aku ka nui o ka electron valence.
Praseodymium a me nā mea lanthanide a pau (koelanthanum, ytterbiumalutetium, ʻaʻohe mau electrons 4f i hui ʻole ʻia) he paramagnetism ma ka lumi wela.ʻAʻole like me nā metala honua ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i ke kauoha antiferromagnetic a i ʻole ferromagnetic i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka praseodymium ka paramagnetism ma nā mahana āpau ma luna o 1K.
Hoʻohana i ka Praseodymium
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Praseodymium ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāina laha ʻole, e like me ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻololi ʻana no nā mea metala, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika, nā ʻāina mahiʻai, a pēlā aku.Praseodymium neodymiumʻo ia ka mea like a paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻelua o ka honua laha, a paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā ʻano kemika.Hoʻohana maʻamau ka hana ʻenehana i ka unuhi a me nā ʻano hoʻololi ion.Inā hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano o ka praseodymium neodymium i hoʻonui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana piha ʻia ko lākou maʻamau, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā huahana mea hoʻokahi.
ʻO Praseodymium neodymium alloy(metala praseodymium neodymium)ua lilo i huahana kūʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea magnet mau loa a me kahi mea hoʻohui hoʻololi no nā mea hao hao ʻole.Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana, ke koho ʻana a me ka paʻa ʻana o ka petroleum cracking catalyst ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka praseodymium neodymium concentrate i loko o Y zeolite molecular sieve.Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i hoʻololi ʻia, hoʻohui i ka praseodymium neodymium enrichment i polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka pale ʻana o ka PTFE.
honua laha oleʻO nā mea magnet paʻa ke kahua kaulana loa o nā noi honua laha i kēia mau lā.ʻO Praseodymium wale nō ʻaʻole ia he mea koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he mea magnet mau, akā he mea synergistic maikaʻi loa ia e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai magnetic.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui kūpono o praseodymium hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hana o nā mea magnet mau.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana antioxidant (ea corrosion resistance) a me nā waiwai mechanical o nā magnet, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻenehana uila a me nā kaʻa.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Praseodymium no ka wili ʻana a me nā mea polishing.E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻo ka cerium maʻemaʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka pauka polishing he māmā melemele, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi kiʻekiʻe no ke aniani optical, a ua hoʻololi i ka pauka ʻulaʻula hao oxide he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni hana.Ua ʻike ka poʻe ua loaʻa i ka praseodymium nā waiwai polishing maikaʻi.E ʻike ʻia ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo "ka pauka ʻulaʻula", akā ʻaʻole kēia kala ʻulaʻula iron oxide ʻulaʻula, akā ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka praseodymium oxide, ʻeleʻele ke kala o ka lepo polū honua.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Praseodymium ma ke ʻano he mea wili hou e hana ai i nā huila wili corundum me ka praseodymium.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka alumina keʻokeʻo, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi a me ka lōʻihi ma mua o 30% i ka wā e wili ai i ke kila structural carbon, stainless steel, a me nā mea wela wela.I mea e hōʻemi ai i nā kumukūʻai, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea waiwai praseodymium neodymium e like me nā mea maka i ka wā ma mua, no laila ka inoa ʻo praseodymium neodymium corundum grinding wheel.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kristal silicate i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā ion praseodymium e hoʻolohi i nā pulse māmā i mau haneli mau mika i kekona.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka praseodymium oxide i ka zirconium silicate e lilo i melemele ʻulaʻula a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka puaʻa ceramic - praseodymium melemele.ʻO Praseodymium melemele (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka puaʻa seramika melemele maikaʻi loa, e paʻa mau ana a hiki i 1000 ℃ a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no hoʻokahi manawa a i ʻole ka hana hou ʻana.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Praseodymium ma ke ʻano he aniani aniani, me nā kala momona a me ka mākeke maikaʻi loa.Hiki ke hana ʻia nā huahana aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo Praseodymium me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo leek a me nā kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā kānana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a no ke aniani ʻoihana.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka praseodymium oxide a me ka cerium oxide i ke aniani hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā goggles no ka wili.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Praseodymium sulfide ma ke ʻano he kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-29-2023