PraseodymiumʻO ia ke kolu o ka nui o ka lanthanide element i ka papaʻaina manawa o nā mea kemika, me ka nui o 9.5 ppm i loko o ka ʻōpala, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua ocerium, yttrium,lanthanum, ascandium. ʻO ia ka ʻelima o nā mea nui loa i nā honua laha. Akā, e like me kona inoa,praseodymiumhe lālā maʻalahi a hoʻonani ʻole ʻia o ka ʻohana rare earth.
Ua ʻike ʻo CF Auer Von Welsbach i ka praseodymium i ka makahiki 1885.
I ka makahiki 1751, ua loaʻa i ka mineralogist Suedena ʻo Axel Fredrik Cronstedt he mineral koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina eli ʻo Bastn ä, i kapa ʻia ma hope he cerite. He kanakolu makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻouna ʻo Vilhelm Hisinger, he ʻumikūmālima makahiki mai ka ʻohana nona ka maina i kāna mau laʻana iā Carl Scheele, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i nā mea hou. I ka makahiki 1803, ma hope o ka lilo ʻana o Singer i mea hana ʻeleʻele, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i kahi eli me J ö ns Jacob Berzelius a hoʻokaʻawale i kahi oxide hou, ʻo ka honua dwarf Ceres, a lākou i ʻike ai i ʻelua makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Ceria e Martin Heinrich Klaproth ma Kelemānia.
Ma waena o ka makahiki 1839 a me 1843, ua ʻike ke kauka lapaʻau Suedena ʻo Carl Gustaf Mosander.cerium oxidehe hui o na oxides. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i ʻelua mau oxides, i kapa ʻia ʻo lanthana a me didymia "didymia" (ʻo ia hoʻi "māhoe" ma ka ʻōlelo Helene). Ua decomposed hapa ia i kacerium nitratelaʻana ma ka ʻala ʻana iā ia i ka lewa, a laila mālama ʻia me ka dilute nitric acid e loaʻa ai ka oxide. No laila ua kapa ʻia nā metala i hoʻokumu i kēia mau oxidelanthanumapraseodymium.
I ka makahiki 1885, ua hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻo CF Auer Von Welsbach, he kanaka Austrian nāna i hoʻokumu i ka thorium cerium vapor lamp gauze cover, i ka "praseodymium neodymium", nā "māhoe conjoined", kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ka paʻakai praseodymium ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka paʻakai neodymium kala ʻulaʻula a hoʻoholo i ʻelua mau mea hou. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi ʻo "Praseodymium", mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene prason, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hui ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka mea ʻo ka wai paʻakai praseodymium e hōʻike i kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo; Ua kapa ʻia ka mea ʻē aʻe "NeodymiumʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻana o nā "māhoe conjoined" i hiki ai iā lākou ke hōʻike i kā lākou mau talena kūʻokoʻa.
Metala keʻokeʻo kala, palupalu a ductile. Loaʻa i ka Praseodymium kahi ʻano aniani hexagonal i ka lumi wela. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka pale ʻana i ka ʻino ma ka lewa ma mua o ka lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, a me europium, akā i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i ka ea, hana ʻia kahi papa o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele palupalu, a hoʻokahi kenimika ka nui o ka metala praseodymium hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki.
E like me ka hapa nuimea ʻeleʻele laha ʻole, ʻO ka praseodymium ka mea e hoʻokumu i kahi kūlana oxidation + 3, ʻo ia wale nō kona kūlana paʻa i nā hoʻonā wai. Loaʻa ka Praseodymium i loko o kahi kūlana oxidation +4 i kekahi mau pūhui paʻa i ʻike ʻia, a ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokaʻawale matrix, hiki iā ia ke hōʻea i kahi kūlana oxidation kūʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea lanthanide.
ʻO ka aqueous praseodymium ion he chartreuse, a he nui nā hoʻohana ʻoihana o praseodymium e pili ana i kona hiki ke kānana i ke kukui melemele i nā kumu māmā.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā uila Praseodymium
Nā hoʻokuʻu uila:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā electrons 59 o praseodymium e like me [Xe] 4f36s2. ʻO ka manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā electrons waho ʻelima e like me ka electron valence, akā pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrons waho ʻelima i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻokuʻu wale ka praseodymium i ʻekolu a ʻehā paha electron i loko o kāna mau pūhui. ʻO Praseodymium ka mea mua o ka lanthanide me kahi hoʻonohonoho uila e like me ke kumu Aufbau. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka ikehu o kona orbital 4f ma mua o ka orbital 5d, ʻaʻole pili ia i ka lanthanum a me ka cerium, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoki koke o ka orbital 4f ma hope o ka lanthanum a ʻaʻole lawa ia e pale aku i ka noho ʻana i ka pūpū 5d i ka cerium. Eia naʻe, hōʻike ka praseodymium paʻa i kahi hoʻonohonoho [Xe] 4f25d16s2, kahi e like ai kekahi electron i loko o ka pūpū 5d me nā mea ʻē aʻe trivalent lanthanide ʻē aʻe (koe wale nō ka europium a me ka ytterbium, he divalent i nā mokuʻāina metala).
E like me ka hapa nui o nā mea lanthanide, hoʻohana maʻamau ka praseodymium i ʻekolu mau electron ma ke ʻano he valence electron, a ʻo ke koena 4f electrons he hopena paʻa ikaika: ʻo ia ke kumu o ka 4f orbit e hele i ka inert xenon core o ka electron a hiki i ka nucleus, ukali ʻia e 5d a me 6s, a hoʻonui ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka uku ionic. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka praseodymium ke hoʻomau i ka nalo ʻana i ka hā a i kekahi manawa i ka ʻelima valence electron, no ka mea, ʻike ʻia i ke kakahiaka nui o ka ʻōnaehana lanthanide, kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻouka kaua nuklea, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu subshell 4f e ʻae i ka wehe ʻana o nā electron valence.
Praseodymium a me nā mea lanthanide a pau (koelanthanum, ytterbiumalutetium, ʻaʻohe mau electrons 4f i hui ʻole ʻia) he paramagnetism ma ka lumi wela. ʻAʻole like me nā metala honua ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i ke kauoha antiferromagnetic a i ʻole ferromagnetic i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka praseodymium ka paramagnetism ma nā mahana āpau ma luna o 1K.
Hoʻohana i ka Praseodymium
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Praseodymium ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka honua like ʻole, e like me ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻololi ʻana no nā mea metala, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika, nā ʻāina mahiʻai, a pēlā aku.Praseodymium neodymiumʻo ia ka mea like a paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻelua o ka honua laha, a paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā ʻano kemika. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka hana ʻenehana i ka unuhi a me nā ʻano hoʻololi ion. Inā hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano o ka praseodymium neodymium i hoʻonui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana piha ʻia ko lākou maʻamau, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā huahana mea hoʻokahi.
ʻO Praseodymium neodymium alloy(metala praseodymium neodymium)ua lilo i huahana kūʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea magnet mau loa a me kahi mea hoʻohui hoʻololi no nā mea hao hao ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana, ke koho ʻana a me ka paʻa o ka petroleum cracking catalyst ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka praseodymium neodymium concentrate i loko o Y zeolite molecular sieve. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i hoʻololi ʻia, hoʻohui i ka praseodymium neodymium enrichment i polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka pale ʻana o ka PTFE.
honua laha oleʻO nā mea magnet paʻa ke kahua kaulana loa o nā noi honua laha i kēia mau lā. ʻO Praseodymium wale nō ʻaʻole ia he mea koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he mea magnet mau, akā he mea synergistic maikaʻi loa ia e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai magnetic. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui kūpono o praseodymium hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hana o nā mea magnet mau. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana antioxidant (ea corrosion resistance) a me nā waiwai mechanical o nā magnet, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻenehana uila a me nā kaʻa.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Praseodymium no ka wili ʻana a me nā mea polishing. E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻo ka cerium maʻemaʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka pauka polishing he māmā melemele, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi kiʻekiʻe no ke aniani optical, a ua hoʻololi i ka pauka ʻulaʻula hao oxide he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni hana. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ua loaʻa i ka praseodymium nā waiwai polishing maikaʻi. E ʻike ʻia ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo "ka pauka ʻulaʻula", akā ʻaʻole kēia kala ʻulaʻula iron oxide ʻulaʻula, akā ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka praseodymium oxide, ʻeleʻele ke kala o ka lepo polū honua. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Praseodymium ma ke ʻano he mea wili hou e hana i nā huila wili corundum i loaʻa ka praseodymium. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka alumina keʻokeʻo, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi a me ka lōʻihi ma mua o 30% i ka wā e wili ai i ke kila structural carbon, stainless steel, a me nā mea wela wela. I mea e hōʻemi ai i nā kumukūʻai, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea waiwai praseodymium neodymium e like me nā mea maka i ka wā ma mua, no laila ka inoa ʻo praseodymium neodymium corundum grinding wheel.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kristal silicate i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā ion praseodymium e hoʻolohi i nā pulse māmā i mau haneli mau mika i kekona.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka praseodymium oxide i ka zirconium silicate e lilo i melemele ʻulaʻula a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka puaʻa ceramic - praseodymium melemele. ʻO Praseodymium melemele (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka puaʻa seramika melemele maikaʻi loa, e paʻa mau ana a hiki i 1000 ℃ a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no hoʻokahi manawa a i ʻole ka hana hou ʻana.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Praseodymium ma ke ʻano he aniani aniani, me nā kala momona a me ka mākeke maikaʻi loa. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā huahana aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo Praseodymium me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo leek a me nā kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā kānana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a no ke aniani ʻoihana. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka praseodymium oxide a me ka cerium oxide i ke aniani hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā goggles no ka wili. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Praseodymium sulfide ma ke ʻano he kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-29-2023