1. Ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea holmium
Ma hope o Mosender kaawaleerbiumahoʻopaʻapaʻamaiyttriumi ka makahiki 1842, ua hoʻohana nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa he nui i ka ʻike kikoʻī e ʻike ai iā lākou a ua hoʻoholo ʻaʻole lākou he oxide maʻemaʻe o kahi mea, kahi i paipai i nā mea kemika e hoʻomau i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou. Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻanaytterbium oxideascandium oxidemai ka ytterbium oxide, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Cliff i ʻelua mau oxide hou o nā mea i ka makahiki 1879. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi o lākou he holmium e hoʻomanaʻo ai i ka wahi hānau o Cliff, ka inoa Latin kahiko o Stockholm, ke kapikala o Suedena, Holmia, a me ka hōʻailona element Ho. Ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1886, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Boisbodran i kekahi mea mai ka holmium, akā ua paʻa ka inoa o ka holmium. Me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka holmium a me kekahi mau mea ʻokoʻa honua ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hapa ʻē aʻe o ke kolu o ka pae o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻano honua.
2. Nā waiwai kino o ka holmium
ʻO ka Holmium he metala keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, palupalu a ductile; helu hehee 1474°C, lae paila 2695°C, mānoanoa 8.7947g/cm³. Paʻa ka Holmium i ka ea maloʻo a oxidize wikiwiki i nā wela kiʻekiʻe;holmium oxideʻo ia ka mea paramagnetic ikaika loa i ʻike ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pūhui Holmium e like me nā mea hoʻohui no nā mea ferromagnetic hou;holmium iodidehoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā kukui halide metala - nā kukui holmium. Paʻa ia i ka ea maloʻo ma ka lumi wela a maʻalahi i ka oxidized i ka ea haʻahaʻa a me nā wela kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻalo i ka pili ʻana me ka ea, oxides, acids, halogens, a me ka wai mākū. Hoʻokuʻu ia i nā kinoea lapalapa i ka wā e pili ana me ka wai; hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā ʻakika inorganic. He paʻa i ka ea maloʻo ma ka lumi wela, akā oxidizes wikiwiki i ka ea humid a ma luna o ka mahana wela. Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai kemika hana. Hoʻopau mālie ia i ka wai. Hiki iā ia ke hui pū me nā mea metala ʻole a pau. Aia i loko o ka yttrium silicate, monazite a me nā minerala honua ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā mea hao magnetic.
3. Nā waiwai kemika o ka holmium
He paʻa i ka ea maloʻo ma ka lumi wela, a maʻalahi i ka oxidized i ka ea humid a me nā wela kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻalo i ka pili ʻana me ka ea, oxides, acids, halogens, a me ka wai haʻahaʻa. Hoʻokuʻu ia i nā kinoea lapalapa i ka wā e pili ana me ka wai; hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā ʻakika inorganic. He paʻa i ka ea maloʻo ma ka lumi wela, akā oxidizes wikiwiki i ka ea humid a ma luna o ka mahana wela. Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai kemika hana. Hoʻopau mālie ia i ka wai. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me ka aneane pau ʻole o nā mea metala. Aia i loko o ka yttrium silicate, monazite a me nā minerala honua ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā mea hao magnetic. E like me ka dysprosium, he metala ia e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā neutrons i hana ʻia e ka nuclear fission. I loko o kahi reactor nuklea, e ʻā mau ana ia ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a e hoʻomalu i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena o ke kaulahao ma kekahi. ʻElemu wehewehe: He ʻulaʻula metala kona. Hiki iā ia ke hana mālie me ka wai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waikawa dilute. He melemele ka paʻakai. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā ka oxide Ho2O2. Hoʻoheheʻe ia i loko o ka ʻakika mineral e hana i ka paʻakai melemele trivalent. Kumu kumu: Hana ʻia ma ka hoʻemi ʻanaholmium fluorideHoF3·2H2O me ka calcium.
Huihui
(1)Holmium oxidehe keʻokeʻo a he ʻelua mau hale: cubic a me monoclinic. ʻO Ho2O3 wale nō ka oxide paʻa. ʻO kona mau waiwai kemika a me nā ʻano hana hoʻomākaukau e like me ka lanthanum oxide. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā kukui holmium.
(2)Holmium nitrateʻO ke kumu molekole: Ho(NO3)3·5H2O; Molecular mass: 441.02; He mea maʻamau ka pōʻino i nā kino wai. Mai ʻae i ka hui ʻole ʻana a i ʻole ka nui o ka huahana e hui pū me ka wai lepo, nā ala wai a i ʻole nā pūnaewele wai. Mai hoʻokuʻu aku i nā mea i loko o ka kaiapuni a puni me ka ʻae ʻole o ke aupuni.
4. Synthesis ala o ka holmium
1. Holmium metalahiki ke loaa ma ka hoemi anhydrousholmium trichloride or holmium trifluorideme ka calcium metala
2. Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o ka holmium mai nā mea ʻokoʻa honua ʻē aʻe e ka ion exchange a i ʻole ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe solvent, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka holmium metala e ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka wela. He ʻokoʻa ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka waihana lithium o ka honua chloride mai ka calcium thermal reduction o ka rare earth chloride. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka mua i lawe ʻia i ka pae kinoea. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lithium thermal reactor i ʻelua mau ʻāpana hoʻomehana, a lawe ʻia nā kaʻina hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka distillation i nā lako like. Anhydrousholmium chlorideHoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka pahu titanium reactor crucible (ʻo ia hoʻi ke keʻena hoʻoheheʻe HoCl3), a kau ʻia ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa metala lithium i loko o ka pahu haʻahaʻa. A laila, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pahu hoʻoheheʻe kila kila i 7Pa a laila wela. Ke piʻi ka mahana i 1000 ℃, mālama ʻia ia no kekahi manawa e ʻae i kaHoCl3ʻO ka mahu a me ka lithium vapor e pane piha, a hāʻule nā mea paʻa holmium metala i hoʻemi ʻia i loko o ka crucible haʻahaʻa. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana, hoʻomehana ʻia ke kīʻaha haʻahaʻa e hoʻoheheʻe i ka LiCl i loko o ke kīʻaha luna. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa e lawe ma kahi o 10h. No ka hana ʻana i ka holmium metala maʻemaʻe, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa metala lithium he 99.97% kiʻekiʻe ka maʻemaʻe lithium a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka anhydrous HoCl3 pālua.
Holmium laser Ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laser holmium i ka mālama ʻana i nā pōhaku urinary i kahi pae hou. He 2.1μm ka lōʻihi nalu o ka laser Holmium a he laser pulsed. ʻO ia ka mea hou loa o nā lasers i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hana ʻoki. Hiki i ka ikehu hana ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai ma waena o ka hopena o ka fiber optical a me ka pōhaku, e hana ana i nā ʻōmole cavitation liʻiliʻi, a hoʻoili i ka ikehu i ka pōhaku, e wāwahi ana i ka pōhaku i pauka. Hoʻopili ka wai i ka nui o ka ikehu, e hōʻemi ana i ka pōʻino i nā ʻiʻo a puni. I ka manawa like, he pāpaʻu loa ka hohonu o ka holmium laser i loko o ke kino kanaka, ʻo 0.38mm wale nō. No laila, i ka wā e wāwahi ai i nā pōhaku, hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia ka pōʻino o nā ʻiʻo a puni, a kiʻekiʻe loa ka palekana.
Holmium laser lithotripsy ʻenehana: lāʻau holmium laser lithotripsy, kūpono ia no nā pōhaku ʻokiʻoki paʻakikī, nā pōhaku ureteral a me nā pōhaku ʻōpū i hiki ʻole ke haki ʻia e ka extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithotripsy laser holmium lāʻau lapaʻau, hele ka fiber optical lahilahi o ka laser holmium lāʻau lapaʻau i ka urethra a me ka ureter me ke kōkua o kahi cystoscope a me kahi ureteroscope maʻalahi e hiki i nā pōhaku o ka ʻōpū, nā pōhaku ureteral a me nā pōhaku kīkī, a laila hoʻoponopono ka urologist i ka laser holmium e wāwahi i nā pōhaku. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o kēia ʻano hana lapaʻau ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā pōhaku ureteral, nā pōhaku ʻōpū a me ka hapa nui o nā pōhaku puʻupaʻa. ʻO ka pōʻino, ʻo ia no kekahi mau pōhaku ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna a me lalo o ka puʻupaʻa, e waiho ʻia kahi pōhaku liʻiliʻi no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ka fiber laser holmium ke komo mai ka ureter i ka pae pōhaku.
ʻO ka laser Holmium kahi ʻano laser hou i hana ʻia e kahi mea laser paʻa paʻa pulsed i hana ʻia me ke aniani laser (Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG) me ka yttrium alumini garnet (YAG) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻāla a doped me ka sensitizing ions chromium (Cr), ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu thulium (Tm) a me nā ion hoʻāla holmium (Ho). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻokiʻoki i nā keʻena e like me ka urology, ENT, dermatology, a me ka gynecology. ʻAʻole invasive a i ʻole invasive liʻiliʻi kēia ʻoki laser a ʻike ka mea maʻi i ka ʻeha liʻiliʻi i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-14-2024