He aha kahonua laha?
He moʻolelo ko ke kanaka ma mua o 200 mau makahiki mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāina laha ʻole i ka makahiki 1794. No ka mea, he kakaikahi ka mineral Rare-earth i loaʻa i kēlā manawa, he liʻiliʻi wale nō o ka wai hiki ʻole ke loaʻa ma ke ʻano kemika. ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau oxides "honua", no laila ua kapa ʻia ka inoa o ka honua ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kakaikahi ka mineral Rare-earth ma ke ʻano. ʻAʻole honua ka honua, akā he mea metala maʻamau. He lua wale nō kona ʻano hana ma mua o nā metala alkali a me nā metala honua alkaline. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea i loko o ka ʻōpala ma mua o ke keleawe maʻamau, zinc, tin, cobalt, a me nickel.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻāina laha ʻole ma nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka uila, petrochemical, metallurgy, etc. Aneane i kēlā me kēia 3-5 mau makahiki, hiki i nā ʻepekema ke ʻike i nā hoʻohana hou no nā honua rare, a mai loko o kēlā me kēia ʻeono i hana ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hana. me ka honua ʻole.
Ua waiwai ʻo Kina i nā minelala o ka honua, ʻo ia ka mea mua ma ʻekolu mau papa honua: nā mālama, ka nui o ka hana, a me ka nui o ka lawe ʻana aku. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo Kina wale nō ka ʻāina e hiki ke hāʻawi i nā metala honua 17 āpau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka honua a me ke kaumaha me nā noi koa kaulana loa.
ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o ka honua
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea ʻene honua laha i nā mea Lanthanide i ka papa ʻaina o nā mea kemika:lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm),samarium(Sm),europium(Eu),gadolinium(Gd),hoʻopaʻapaʻa(Tb),dysprosium(Dy),holmium(Ho),erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),lutetium(Lu), a me ʻelua mau mea pili i ka lanthanide:scandium(Sc) ayttrium(Y).
Ua kapa ʻiaHonua Lakaʻikaʻi, i pōkole ʻia ʻo Rare Earth.
Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea ʻeleʻele
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā waiwai kino a me kemika o nā mea:
Nā mea ʻeleʻele māmā māmā:scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Nā mea ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā ʻano mineral:
Hui Cerium:lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Hui Yttrium:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka wehe ʻana:
ʻO ka honua laʻa ʻole (P204 ka ʻoki ʻana i ka waiʻona nāwaliwali): lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium
ʻO ka honua laʻa (P204 haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa):samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium
ʻO ka honua laʻahaʻi kaumaha (ʻoki ʻia ka acidity ma P204):holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium
Nā ʻano o nā mea ʻeleʻele honua
ʻOi aku ma mua o 50 mau hana o nā mea ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kā lākou ʻenehana uila 4f kūʻokoʻa, e hoʻohana nui ʻia ana i nā mea kuʻuna a me nā ʻenehana loea hou.
4f orbit electron
1. Ka waiwai kino a me ke kemika
★ Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai metala; He hina hina, koe wale no praseodymium a me neodymium, he melemele māmā
★ ʻO nā kala oxide waiwai
★ Hoʻokumu i nā pūhui paʻa me nā metala ʻole
★ Metala ola
★ maʻalahi e oxidize i ka lewa
2 Optoelectronic waiwai
★ 4f sublayer i hoʻopiha ʻole ʻia, kahi i pale ʻia ai nā electrons 4f e nā electrons o waho, e hopena i nā huaʻōlelo spectral a me nā pae ikehu.
I ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā electrons 4f, hiki iā lākou ke komo a hoʻokuʻu paha i ka radiation o nā hawewe like ʻole mai ka ultraviolet, ʻike ʻia i nā ʻāpana infrared, e kūpono iā lākou e like me nā mea luminescent.
★ ʻO ka conductivity maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau i nā metala honua maʻamau ma ke ʻano electrolysis
ʻO ke kuleana o 4f Electrons o nā Element Rare Earth i nā mea hou
1.Materials e hoʻohana ana i nā hiʻohiʻona uila 4f
★ 4f electron milo hoʻonohonoho:i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he magnetism ikaika - kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mau mea magnet paʻa, nā mea kiʻi kiʻi MRI, nā sensor magnetic, superconductors, etc.
★ 4f hoʻololi electron orbital: hōʻike ʻia e like me nā waiwai luminescent - kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana e like me nā mea luminescent e like me phosphors, infrared lasers, fiber amplifier, etc.
Nā hoʻololi uila i loko o ka pūʻulu alakaʻi pae ikehu 4f: hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau waiwai kala - kūpono no ka kala ʻana a me ka decolorization o nā mea wela, nā puaʻa, nā aila ceramic, aniani, etc.
2 pili pili ʻole i ka 4f electron, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka radius Ionic, uku a me nā waiwai kemika
★ Nā hiʻohiʻona nuklea:
ʻO ka neutron wela liʻiliʻi Absorption cross section - kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hana o nā reactor nuklea, etc.
ʻO ka pauku keʻa o ka neutron Absorption - kūpono no ka pale ʻana i nā mea hana o nā reactor nuklea, etc.
★ Rare earth Ionic radius, charge, physical and chemical properties:
Nā hemahema Lattice, radius Ionic like, nā waiwai kemika, nā uku like ʻole - kūpono no ka hoʻomehana, catalyst, sensing element, etc.
Kūlana kikoʻī - kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana e like me ka hydrogen storage alloy cathode material, microwave absorption material, etc
Electro optical a me dielectric waiwai - kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana e like me nā mea hoʻololi māmā, nā seramika māmā, etc
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-06-2023