Scandium, me ka hōʻailona element Sc a me ka helu Atomic o 21, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, hiki ke launa pū me ka wai wela, a pouli maʻalahi i ka lewa. ʻO kona valence nui he +3. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia me ka gadolinium, erbium, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me kahi kikoʻī ma kahi o 0.0005% i loko o ka ʻōpala. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Scandium no ka hana ʻana i nā aniani kūikawā a me nā ʻāpana wela wela māmā.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka scandium i ka honua he 2 miliona tons wale nō, 90 ~ 95% o ia mau mea i loko o Bauxite, phosphorite a me ka hao titanium ores, a me kahi hapa liʻiliʻi i ka uranium, thorium, tungsten a me nā ores honua. hoʻolaha ʻia ma Rusia, Kina, Tajikistan, Madagascar, Norewai a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. He waiwai nui ʻo Kina i nā kumuwaiwai scandium, me nā waihona mineral nui e pili ana i ka scandium. Wahi a nā helu helu ʻole, ʻo ka mālama ʻana o scandium ma Kina e pili ana i 600000 tons, aia i loko o nā waihona Bauxite a me ka phosphorite, nā waihona porphyry a me nā quartz vein tungsten ma Kina Hema, nā waiho ʻana o ka honua ma Kina Hema, Bayan Obo rare earth iron ore deposit in Inner Mongolia, a me Panzhihua vanadium titanium magnetite waiho ma Sichuan.
Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka scandium, ua kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai o ka scandium, a i kona kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kumukūʻai o scandium i 10 mau manawa i ke kumu kūʻai o ke gula. ʻOiai ua hāʻule ke kumu kūʻai o scandium, ʻehā mau manawa ke kumu kūʻai o ke gula!
ʻIke ʻana i ka mōʻaukala
I ka makahiki 1869, ua ʻike ʻo Mendeleev i kahi āpau o ka nuipa atomika ma waena o ka calcium (40) a me ka titanium (48), a ua wānana ʻo ia aia kekahi ʻano mea ʻātomai waena i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. Ua wānana ʻo ia ʻo X ₂ O Å kona oxide. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Scandium i ka makahiki 1879 e Lars Frederik Nilson o ke Kulanui ʻo Uppsala ma Suedena. Lawe ʻo ia iā ia mai loko mai o ka lua gula ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, kahi ʻeleʻele paʻakikī i loaʻa nā ʻano 8 o nā ʻokikene metala. Ua unuhi ʻo iaErbium(III) oxidemai ʻeleʻele kakaʻikahi gula oka, a loaaYtterbium(III) oxidemai keia oxide, a aia kekahi oxide o ka mea mama, nona ke kikoo e hoike mai he metala ike ole ia. ʻO kēia ka metala i wānana ʻia e Mendeleev, nona ka oxideSc₂O₃. Ua hana ʻia ka metala scandium maiScandium chloridema ka hoʻoheheʻe electrolytic i ka makahiki 1937.
Mendeleev
hoʻonohonoho ʻelepona
Hoʻonohonoho uila: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
ʻO Scandium kahi metala hoʻololi keʻokeʻo palupalu a me ka helu heheʻe o 1541 ℃ a me kahi paila o 2831 ℃.
No ka manawa lōʻihi ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka scandium ma muli o kona paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana. Me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā ʻano hana hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka honua, aia i kēia manawa ke kahe kaʻina hana no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā pūhui scandium. Ma muli o ka emi iki o ka scandium ma mua o ka yttrium a me ka Lanthanide, ʻo ka hydroxide ka nāwaliwali loa, no laila, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻenekene honua i hui pū ʻia me ka scandium mai ka ʻeleʻele o ka honua ma ke ʻano "step precipitation" ke mālama ʻia ʻo Scandium(III) hydroxide me ka amonia ma hope. e hoʻoili ʻia i loko o ka hoʻonā. ʻO ke ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻokaʻawale i ka Scandium nitrate e ka polar decomposition o ka nitrate. No ka mea, ʻo ka scandium nitrate ka maʻalahi o ka decompose, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka scandium. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻihoʻi piha ʻana o ka scandium mai ka uranium, thorium, tungsten, tin a me nā waihona mineral ʻē aʻe kekahi kumu nui o ka scandium.
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūhui scandium maʻemaʻe, hoʻololi ʻia i ScCl Å a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me KCl a me LiCl. Hoʻohana ʻia ka zinc i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano he cathode no ka electrolysis, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka scandium i ka electrode zinc. A laila, hoʻopau ʻia ka zinc no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka scandium metala. He metala keʻokeʻo kālā māmā kēia me nā waiwai kemika ikaika loa, hiki ke hana me ka wai wela e hoʻohua i ke kinoea hydrogen. No laila ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka scandium metala āu e ʻike ai ma ke kiʻi i loko o ka hue a pale ʻia me ke kinoea argon, inā ʻaʻole e hana koke ka scandium i kahi ʻeleʻele melemele a hina hina paha, e nalowale ana kona ʻālohilohi metala.
Nā noi
ʻOihana kukui
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka scandium ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻālohilohi loa, ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻonui ke kapa ʻia ʻo ke Keiki o ka mālamalama. ʻO ka mea kaua kilokilo mua o ka scandium i kapa ʻia ʻo scandium sodium lamp, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e lawe i ka mālamalama i nā tausani o nā hale. He kukui uila halide metala kēia: ua hoʻopiha ʻia ka puʻupuʻu me Sodium iodide a me Scandium triiodide, a hoʻohui ʻia ka scandium a me ka sodium foil i ka manawa like. I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka volta kiʻekiʻe, hoʻopuka nā ion scandium a me nā ion sodium i ka mālamalama o ko lākou mau hawewe hoʻokuʻu ʻano. ʻO nā laina spectral o ka sodium he 589.0 a me 589.6 nm, ʻelua mau kukui melemele kaulana, aʻo nā laina spectral o scandium ʻo 361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, kahi ʻano kokoke i nā ultraviolet a me nā kukui uliuli. Ma muli o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kekahi i kekahi, ʻo ke kala māmā holoʻokoʻa i hana ʻia he kukui keʻokeʻo. No ka mea, loaʻa i nā kukui sodium scandium nā hiʻohiʻona o ka maikaʻi luminous kiʻekiʻe, ke kala kukui maikaʻi, ka mālama ʻana i ka mana, ke ola lōʻihi o ka lawelawe ʻana, a me ka ikaika haʻihaʻi o ka noe i hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā kiʻi kīwī, nā ʻāpana, nā wahi haʻuki, a me nā kukui alanui, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kolu o ka hanauna kumu kukui. Ma Kina, hoʻolaha ʻia kēia ʻano kukui ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana hou, ʻoiai ma kekahi mau ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano kukui e like me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1980.
ʻO ka lua o ka mea hoʻokalakupua o scandium he solar photovoltaic cell, hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i ka mālamalama i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma ka honua a hoʻohuli iā ia i uila e hoʻokele i ke kaiāulu kanaka. ʻO Scandium ka metala pale maikaʻi loa i loko o nā metala insulator semiconductor silicon solar cell a me nā cell solar.
ʻO ke kolu o kāna mea kaua kilokilo i kapa ʻia ʻo γ He kumu kukuna, hiki i kēia mea hoʻokalakupua ke ʻālohilohi iā ia iho, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa kēia ʻano kukui i ka maka ʻōlohelohe, he kahe photon kiʻekiʻe. Lawe mākou i ka 45Sc mai nā minela, ʻo ia wale nō ka isotopes Natural o scandium. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia nucleus 45Sc he 21 protons a me 24 neutrons. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 46Sc, kahi isotope radioactive artificial, ma ke ʻano he kumu γ Radiation a i ʻole tracer atoms hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka radiotherapy o nā maʻi maʻi ʻino. Aia kekahi mau noi e like me yttrium gallium scandium garnet laser,Scandium fluorideaniani infrared Optical fiber, a me scandium coated cathode ray tube ma ke kīwī. Me he mea lā ua hānau ʻia ka scandium me ka mālamalama.
ʻoihana huila
Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Scandium i kāna ʻano elemental no ka doping alumini alumini. I ka manawa e hoʻohui ʻia ai kekahi mau kaukani o ka scandium i ka alumini, e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻāpana Al3Sc hou, e pāʻani ana i kahi hana Metamorphism i ka alumini alumini a hoʻololi nui i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o ka alloy. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 0.2% ~ 0.4% Sc (ʻo ia ka mea e like me ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka paʻakai e hoʻoulu i nā mea kanu palai ma ka home, he mea liʻiliʻi wale nō ka mea e pono ai) hiki ke hoʻonui i ka mahana recrystallization o ka alloy e 150-200 ℃, a hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke kiʻekiʻe. - ka ikaika o ka wela, ka paʻa o ka hale, ka hana kuʻi ʻana, a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. Hiki iā ia ke pale aku i ke ʻano embrittlement i maʻalahi i ka wā hana lōʻihi ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka alumini alumini paʻakikī, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe o ka corrosion-resistant weldable alumini alumini, ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe alumini alumini, kiʻekiʻe ikaika neutron irradiation kūpaʻa alumini alumini, etc. nukelea reactors, nā kaʻa māmā a me nā kaʻaahi kiʻekiʻe.
He mea hoʻololi maikaʻi loa ʻo Scandium no ka hao, a hiki i kahi helu scandium ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka hao. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka scandium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui no ka tungsten kiʻekiʻe a me nā chromium alloys. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana i nā lole mare no nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, loaʻa ka scandium i kahi helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe a ua like kona ʻano me ka alumini, a hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe e like me ka scandium titanium alloy a me ka scandium magnesium alloy. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o kona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana wale ʻia ia i nā ʻoihana hana kiʻekiʻe e like me nā mokulele mokulele a me nā rockets.
ʻO nā mea seramika
Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ʻo Scandium, kahi mea hoʻokahi, i nā ʻāpana, a he koʻikoʻi kona oxide i nā mea seramika ma ke ʻano like. ʻO ka tetragonal zirconia ceramic material, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea electrode no nā cell fuel oxide paʻa, he waiwai kūʻokoʻa kahi e hoʻonui ai ka conductivity o kēia electrolyte me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana a me ka neʻe o ka oxygen i ke kaiapuni. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke noho paʻa ke ʻano aniani o kēia mea keramika a ʻaʻohe waiwai ʻoihana; Pono e doping i kekahi mau mea hiki ke hoʻoponopono i kēia ʻano i mea e mālama ai i kona mau waiwai kumu. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 6 ~ 10% Scandium oxide e like me ka hoʻolālā paʻa, i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka zirconia ma kahi lattice square.
Aia kekahi mau mea ʻenekinia seramika e like me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe-mehana kūpaʻa silicon nitride e like me nā densifiers a me nā stabilizers.
Ma ke ʻano he densifier,Scandium oxidehiki ke hana i ka manawa refractory Sc2Si2O7 ma ka lihi o nā ʻāpana maikaʻi, pēlā e hōʻemi ai i ka deformation wela kiʻekiʻe o nā seramika ʻenekinia. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā oxides ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical kiʻekiʻe o ka silicon nitride.
Kemika catalytic
I ka ʻenekinia kemika, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka scandium ma ke ʻano he catalyst, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Sc2O3 no ka dehydration a me ka deoxidation o ka ethanol a i ʻole isopropanol, ka decomposition o ka acetic acid, a me ka hana ʻana o ka ethylene mai CO a me H2. ʻO ka Pt Al catalyst i loaʻa iā Sc2O3 he mea hoʻoikaika koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hydrogenation aila kaumaha a me nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻoihana petrochemical. Ma ka catalytic cracking reactions e like me Cumene, ka hana o Sc-Y zeolite catalyst he 1000 manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka Aluminum silicate catalyst; Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi mau catalysts kuʻuna, ʻo nā manaʻo hoʻomohala o nā catalysts scandium e mālamalama loa.
ʻoihana ikehu nuklea
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi mea liʻiliʻi o Sc2O3 i ka UO2 i ka wahie nuklea reactor kiʻekiʻe hiki ke pale i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lattice, ka piʻi ʻana o ka leo, a me ka haki ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o UO2 i U3O8.
Huina wahie
Pēlā nō, e hoʻonui ana i ka 2.5% a i ka 25% scandium i nā pihi nickel alkali e hoʻonui i ko lākou ola lawelawe.
Hoʻoulu mahiʻai
I ka mahiʻai, hiki ke mālama ʻia nā hua e like me ka kulina, beet, pea, palaoa a me ka sunflower me Scandium sulfate (ʻo ka nui o ka 10-3 ~ 10-8mol / L, ʻokoʻa nā mea kanu like ʻole), a me ka hopena maoli o ka hoʻoulu ʻana. ua hoʻokō ʻia. Ma hope o 8 mau hola, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka paona maloʻo o nā aʻa a me nā ʻōpuʻu e 37% a me 78% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu, akā ke aʻo ʻia nei ka mīkini.
Mai ko Nielsen noonoo i ka aie o Atomic nuipaʻikepili a hiki i keia la, scandium ua komo i ka ike kanaka no ka wale haneri a me ka iwakalua makahiki, akā, ua aneane noho ma luna o ka noho no ka haneri makahiki. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻomohala ikaika ʻana o ka ʻepekema waiwai i ka hopena o ke kenekulia i hala i lawe mai ai i ka ikaika iā ia. I kēia mau lā, ua lilo nā mea o ka honua laha loa, me ka scandium, i nā hōkū wela i ka ʻepekema waiwai, e pāʻani ana i nā hana e loli mau ana i nā tausani o nā ʻōnaehana, e lawe mai i ka ʻoluʻolu i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka waiwai waiwai i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ke ana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-29-2023