Ytterbium: helu ʻātoma 70, kaumaha ʻātoma 173.04, i loaʻa ka inoa element mai kona wahi i ʻike ai. ʻO ka maʻiʻo oytterbiumi loko o ka ʻōpala he 0.000266%, ka nui i loaʻa i ka phosphorite a me ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele nā waiho gula laha, ʻoiai ka ʻike i loko o ka monazite he 0.03%, me 7 isotopes kūlohelohe.
ʻIke ʻana i ka mōʻaukala
ʻIke ʻia e: Marinak
Manawa: 1878
Wahi: Switzerland
I ka makahiki 1878, ua ʻike ʻo Jean Charles lāua ʻo G Marignac i nā mea hoʻokalakupua Swiss i kahi mea hou o ka honua ma ka "erbium". I ka makahiki 1907, ua kuhikuhi ʻo Ulban lāua ʻo Weils ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Marignac i kahi hui o ka lutetium oxide a me ka ytterbium oxide. No ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke kauhale liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo Yteerby kokoke i Stockholm, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka yttrium ore, ua kapa ʻia kēia mea hou ʻo Ytterbium me ka hōʻailona Yb.
hoʻonohonoho ʻelepona
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Metala
Metallic ytterbiumhe kala hina, ductile, a he palupalu kona kino. Ma ka lumi wela, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ytterbium e ka ea a me ka wai.
ʻElua mau hale aniani: α- ʻO ke ʻano he ʻōnaehana aniani cubic i waena o ke alo (ke wela lumi -798 ℃); β- ʻO ke ʻano he kubiko kūpili kino (ma luna o 798 ℃) lattice. ʻO ka helu heheʻe 824 ℃, kahi e hoʻolapalapa ai 1427 ℃, mānoanoa pili 6.977（ α- Type), 6.54（ β- Type).
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai anuanu, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā waikawa a me ka ammonia wai. Paʻa loa i ka lewa. E like me ka samarium a me ka europium, pili ka ytterbium i ka valence rare earth variable, a hiki nō hoʻi ke noho ma kahi kūlana divalent maikaʻi me ka trivalent maʻamau.
Ma muli o kēia ʻano valence variable, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka ytterbium metala e ka electrolysis, akā ma ke ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa distillation no ka hoʻomākaukau a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO ka maʻamau,metala lanthanumhoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa distillation, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kaomi mahu kiʻekiʻe o ka metala ytterbium a me ke kaomi mahu haʻahaʻa o ka metala lanthanum. ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe,thulium, ytterbium, alutetiumHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā concentrates e like me nā mea maka, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka lanthanum metala ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻemi. Ma lalo o ke kūlana wela wela o>1100 ℃ a me<0.133Pa, hiki ke unuhi pololei ʻia ka ytterbium metala e ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa distillation. Likesamariumaeuropium,Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ytterbium ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wai. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia nā thulium, ytterbium, a me lutetium concentrates i mea maka. Ma hope o ka hemo ʻana, hoʻemi ʻia ka ytterbium i kahi kūlana divalent, e hana ana i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o nā waiwai, a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā honua ʻē aʻe trivalent rare. Hana ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka ytterbium oxide kiʻekiʻe e ka extraction chromatography a i ʻole ke ʻano hoʻololi ion.
Palapala noi
Hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā alloys kūikawā.ʻO nā huila Ytterbiumua hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau niho no nā hoʻokolohua metallurgical a me nā kemika.
I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua puka mai ka ytterbium a ua hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻia i nā kula o ka fiber optic kamaʻilio a me ka ʻenehana laser.
Me ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke "alanui ʻike", ʻo nā ʻupena kamepiula a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoili fiber optical lōʻihi e hoʻonui i nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka hana o nā mea fiber optical i hoʻohana ʻia i ka kamaʻilio optical. ʻO nā ion Ytterbium, ma muli o kā lākou mau waiwai spectral maikaʻi loa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea hoʻonui fiber no ka kamaʻilio optical, e like meerbiumathulium. ʻOiai ʻo ka mea nui o ka honua element erbium ka mea nui i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea hoʻonui fiber, ʻo nā kuʻuna erbium-doped quartz fibers he liʻiliʻi loaʻa ka bandwidth (30nm), he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻokō i nā koi o ka hoʻouna ʻike kiʻekiʻe a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka Yb3+ions ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka absorption cross-section ma mua o Er3+ions ma kahi o 980nm. Ma o ka hopena sensitization o Yb3 + a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu o ka erbium a me ka ytterbium, hiki ke hoʻonui nui ʻia ke kukui 1530nm, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka pono amplification o ke kukui.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua makemake nui ʻia ka erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate glass e nā mea noiʻi. ʻO nā makaaniani Phosphate a me ka fluorophosphate he paʻa kemika maikaʻi a me ka wela, a me ka transmittance infrared ākea a me nā hiʻohiʻona ākea ākea ʻole, e hana ana iā lākou i nā mea kūpono no ka broadband a me ke kiʻekiʻe erbium-doped amplification fiber glass. Hiki i nā Yb3+doped fiber amplifiers ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hōʻailona liʻiliʻi, e kūpono ana iā lākou no nā kahua e like me nā mea ʻike fiber optic, ka leka uila manuahi manuahi, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pulse pōkole pōkole. Ua kūkulu ʻo Kina i kēia manawa i ka mana kaila hoʻokahi nui loa o ka honua a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki o ka optical transmission system, a iā ia ke alaloa ʻike ākea loa ma ka honua. ʻO Ytterbium doped a me nā mea hoʻonui fiber doped honua ʻē aʻe a me nā mea laser e hana koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi i loko o lākou.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona spectral o ytterbium e like me nā mea laser kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā kristal laser, nā aniani laser, a me nā laser fiber. Ma ke ʻano he mea laser mana kiʻekiʻe, ua hana nā kristal laser ytterbium doped i kahi moʻo nui, me ka ytterbium dopedalumini yttriumgarnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium dopedgadoliniumgallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP), ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, a me ka silicate. ʻO Semiconductor laser (LD) kahi ʻano hou o ka puna puna no nā lasers solid-state. Yb: He nui nā hiʻohiʻona o YAG i kūpono no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka LD mana kiʻekiʻe a ua lilo ia i mea laser no ka LD mana kiʻekiʻe. Yb: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke aniani S-FAP ma ke ʻano he mea laser no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nuklea laser i ka wā e hiki mai ana, kahi i hoʻohuli ai i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe. I loko o nā kristal laser tunable, aia ka chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminika gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) me nā lōʻihi hawewe mai 2.84 a 3.05 μ Hiki ke hoʻololi mau ʻia ma waena o ka m. E like me ka helu, ka hapa nui o ka infrared warheads i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o missiles a puni ka honua hoʻohana 3-5 μ No laila, ka ulu ana o Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG lasers hiki ke hoʻolako pono interference no ka waena infrared alakaʻi mea kaua countermeasures, a he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koa. Ua hoʻokō ʻo Kina i kahi ʻano o nā hopena hou me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka honua ma ke kahua o ytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, etc.), e hoʻonā i nā ʻenehana nui e like me ka ulu ʻana o ka kristal a me ka wikiwiki laser, pulse, mau, a hiki ke hoʻololi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hopena noiʻi i ka pale aupuni, ʻoihana, a me ka ʻenekinia ʻepekema, a ua lawe ʻia aku nā huahana kristal ytterbium doped i nā ʻāina a me nā ʻāina he nui e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Iapana.
ʻO kekahi mahele nui o nā mea laser ytterbium he aniani laser. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā aniani laser cross-section kiʻekiʻe, me ka germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate, a me ka phosphate. Ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke aniani, hiki ke hana ʻia i nā nui nui a loaʻa nā ʻano e like me ka transmittance māmā kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūlike kiʻekiʻe, e hiki ai ke hana i nā lasers kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke aniani laser honua laha ʻole ma muaneodymiumaniani, nona ka mōʻaukala hoʻomohala ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 mau makahiki a me ka hana oʻo a me ka ʻenehana noi. ʻO ia ka mea i makemake nui ʻia no nā mea laser mana kiʻekiʻe a ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻokolohua nuklea fusion a me nā mea kaua laser. ʻO nā mana laser kiʻekiʻe i kūkulu ʻia ma Kina, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka laserneodymiumke aniani e like me ka mea nui laser medium, ua hiki i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka honua. Akā ke alo nei ke aniani laser neodymium i kēia manawa i kahi hoʻokūkū ikaika mai ke aniani ytterbium laser.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻike ka nui o nā haʻawina he nui nā waiwai o ke aniani ytterbium laser ma mua o kaneodymiumaniani. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ytterbium doped luminescence ʻelua mau pae ikehu, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. Ma ka loaʻa like, ytterbium aniani i ka ikehu mālama pono 16 manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o neodymium aniani, a me ka fluorescence ola 3 manawa o ka neodymium aniani. Loaʻa iā ia nā mea maikaʻi e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka doping concentration, absorption bandwidth, a hiki ke hoʻomoʻi pololei ʻia e nā semiconductors, e kūpono loa ia no nā lasers kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, hilinaʻi pinepine ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ke aniani laser ytterbium i ke kōkua o ka neodymium, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Nd3+ ma ke ʻano he sensitizer no ka hana ʻana i ka aniani laser ytterbium e hana ma ka lumi wela a μ Loaʻa ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hawewe m. No laila, ʻo ytterbium a me neodymium nā mea hoʻokūkū a me nā hoa hana i ke kahua o ke aniani laser.
Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka haku mele aniani, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai luminescent he nui o ke aniani laser ytterbium. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā lasers kiʻekiʻe e like me ke kuhikuhi nui, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lasers i hana ʻia me ke aniani laser ytterbium i ka ʻoihana hou, ka mahiʻai, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka noiʻi ʻepekema, a me nā noi koa.
Hoʻohana i ka pūʻali koa: ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu i hana ʻia e ka nuklea fusion e like me ka ikehu he pahuhopu i manaʻo ʻia, a ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻohui nuklea i hoʻomalu ʻia he ala nui ia no ke kanaka e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia ikehu. Ke lilo nei ke aniani laser doped Ytterbium i mea i makemake ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻonui inertial confinement fusion (ICF) i ke kenekulia 21 ma muli o kāna hana laser maikaʻi loa.
Hoʻohana nā mea kaua laser i ka ikehu nui o kahi kukuna laser e hahau a luku i nā pahuhopu, e hoʻoulu ai i nā wela o nā piliona degere Celsius a hoʻouka pololei i ka wikiwiki o ka māmā. Hiki iā lākou ke kapa ʻia ʻo Nadana a loaʻa i ka lethality nui, kūpono loa no nā ʻōnaehana mea kaua pale ea hou i ke kaua. ʻO ka hana maikaʻi loa o ke aniani laser doped ytterbium ua lilo ia i mea waiwai nui no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua laser kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka fiber laser kahi ʻenehana hou e hoʻomohala wikiwiki ana a no ke kahua o nā noi aniani laser. ʻO ka laser fiber kahi laser e hoʻohana ana i ka fiber e like me ka laser medium, kahi huahana o ka hui pū ʻana o ka fiber a me ka ʻenehana laser. He ʻenehana laser hou ia i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke kumu o ka ʻenehana erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi laser fiber me kahi diode laser semiconductor ma ke ʻano he puna puna, kahi alakaʻi nalu fiber optic a me kahi mea e loaʻa ai, a me nā ʻāpana optical e like me ka grating fibers a me nā hui. ʻAʻole ia e koi i ka hoʻoponopono mechanical o ke ala optical, a paʻa ka mīkini a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohui. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lasers solid-state a me nā laser semiconductor, loaʻa iā ia nā ʻenehana a me nā pono hana e like me ke kiʻekiʻe beam maikaʻi, kūpaʻa maikaʻi, kūpaʻa ikaika i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ʻaʻohe hoʻololi, ʻaʻohe mālama, a me ka hoʻolālā paʻa. Ma muli o ka nui o nā ion doped Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, ʻo ia mau mea a pau e hoʻohana ana i nā fibers earth rare e like me ka loaʻa media, hiki i ka laser fiber i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka hui. e kapa ʻia ʻo ka laser fiber earth rare.
Hoʻohana Laser: ʻO ka mana kiʻekiʻe ytterbium doped pālua ʻāwīwī lole laser ua lilo i kahua wela i ka ʻenehana laser solid-state ma waena o nā makahiki i hala. Loaʻa iā ia nā pōmaikaʻi o ka maikaʻi beam maikaʻi, ka hoʻolālā paʻa, a me ka hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana, a loaʻa nā manaʻo noi ākea i ka hana ʻoihana a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā pulupulu ytterbium doped pālua ʻelua i kūpono no ka pumping laser semiconductor, me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hui pū ʻana a me ka mana hoʻopuka laser kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ia ke alakaʻi hoʻomohala nui o nā fibers doped ytterbium. ʻAʻole like hou ka ʻenehana ytterbium doped fiber o Kina me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻāina ʻē. ʻO ka ytterbium doped fiber, double clad ytterbium doped fiber, a me ka erbium ytterbium co doped fiber i kūkulu ʻia ma Kina ua hiki i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana like ʻole e pili ana i ka hana a me ka hilinaʻi, loaʻa nā kumukūʻai, a loaʻa nā ʻenehana patented kumu no nā huahana a me nā ʻano hana. .
Ua hoʻolaha aku nei ka hui laser IPG kaulana i ka honua i kā lākou ʻōnaehana ytterbium doped fiber laser i hoʻokumu hou ʻia he mau hiʻohiʻona beam maikaʻi loa, he ola pāpaʻi ma luna o 50000 mau hola, he waena o ka nalu emission o 1070nm-1080nm, a me ka mana hoʻopuka a hiki i 20KW. Ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka wiliwili maikaʻi, ʻokiʻoki, a me ka ʻeli pōhaku.
ʻO nā mea laser ke kumu a me ke kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana laser. Aia kekahi ʻōlelo ma ka ʻoihana laser 'hoʻokahi hanauna o nā mea, hoʻokahi hanauna o nā mea hana'. No ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hāmeʻa laser kiʻekiʻe a kūpono hoʻi, pono e loaʻa mua nā mea laser hana kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohui i nā ʻenehana kūpono. ʻO Ytterbium doped laser crystals a me ke aniani laser, e like me ka ikaika hou o nā mea laser paʻa, ke hāpai nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka kamaʻilio fiber optic a me ka ʻenehana laser, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻenehana laser ʻokiʻoki e like me nā lasers nuclear fusion kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika ikaika. nā laser tile, a me nā laser mea kaua ikaika.
Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ytterbium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka pauka fluorescent, radio ceramics, additives for electronic computer memory parts (magnetic bubbles), and optical glass additives. Pono e kuhikuhi ʻia ʻo ka yttrium a me ka yttrium ʻelua mau mea honua laha. ʻOiai he mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma nā inoa Pelekane a me nā hōʻailona element, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo phonetic Chinese he like nā syllables. Ma kekahi mau unuhi Pākē, kapa ʻia ʻo yttrium i kekahi manawa he yttrium. I kēia hihia, pono mākou e ʻimi i ka kikokikona kumu a hoʻohui i nā hōʻailona element e hōʻoia.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-13-2023