Terbiumno ka ʻāpana o nā ʻāina laha ʻole kaumaha, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻōpala o ka Honua ma ka 1.1 ppm wale nō.Terbium oxideʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 0.01% o ka nui o nā honua laha ʻole. ʻOiai i loko o ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka yttrium ion type heavy rare earth ore me ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka terbium, ʻo ka terbium content he 1.1-1.2% wale nō o ka huina.honua laha, e hōʻike ana aia ia i ka ʻāpana "noble" ohonua lahamau mea. No nā makahiki he 100 mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka terbium i ka makahiki 1843, ua pale kona hemahema a me kona waiwai i kāna hoʻohana pono ʻana no ka manawa lōʻihi. Aia i loko o nā makahiki he 30 i hala iho neihoʻopaʻapaʻaua hōʻike i kāna kālena kūʻokoʻa.
ʻIke ʻana i ka mōʻaukala
Ua ʻike ʻo Carl Gustaf Mosander, ke kāmeka Suedena i ka terbium i ka makahiki 1843. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i kona mau haumia mayttrium oxideaY2O3. Yttriumua kapa ʻia ma hope o ke kauhale o Itby ma Suedena. Ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka ʻenehana hoʻololi ion, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka terbium i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe.
Ua māhele mua ʻo Mossanderyttrium oxidei ʻekolu ʻāpana, ua kapa ʻia nā mea a pau ma muli o ka ores:yttrium oxide, erbium oxide, aterbium oxide. Terbium oxidei haku mua ʻia me kahi ʻāpana ʻulaʻula, ma muli o ka mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawaerbium. Erbium oxide(me ka mea a mākou i kapa ai i kēia manawa he terbium) he ʻāpana kala ʻole i ka hopena. ʻO ka oxide insoluble o kēia mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻeleʻele.
Ma hope mai ua paʻakikī ka poʻe hana ke nānā aku i kahi liʻiliʻi kala ʻole "erbium oxide", akā ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula. Ka hoopaapaa no ke ola ana oerbium oxideua puka pinepine. I loko o ka haunaele, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka inoa kumu a ua paʻa ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā inoa, no laila ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula ma ke ʻano he hopena i loaʻa ka erbium (i ka hopena, he ʻulaʻula). Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nā limahana e hoʻohana ana i ka sodium disulfide a i ʻole potassium sulfate e wehe i ka cerium dioxide maiyttrium oxidehuli me ka manao olehoʻopaʻapaʻai loko o ka cerium i loaʻa i nā ʻeke. ʻIke ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo 'hoʻopaʻapaʻa', ma kahi o 1% wale nō o ka mea muayttrium oxideaia kēia, akā lawa kēia e hoʻouna i kahi kala melemele māmā iyttrium oxide. No laila,hoʻopaʻapaʻahe ʻāpana lua ia i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia, a ua hoʻomalu ʻia e kona mau hoalauna pili,gadoliniumadysprosium.
Ma hope, i kēlā me kēia manawa ʻē aʻehonua lahaUa hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea mai kēia hui ʻana, me ka nānā ʻole i ka hapa o ka oxide, ua mālama ʻia ka inoa o ka terbium a hiki i ka hopena, ʻo ka oxide brown ohoʻopaʻapaʻaua loaa ma ke ano maemae. ʻAʻole i hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i ke kenekulia 19 i ka ʻenehana ultraviolet fluorescence e nānā i nā nodules melemele a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha (III), e maʻalahi ai ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka terbium i nā huila paʻa.
hoʻonohonoho ʻelepona
Hoʻolālā uila:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho uila ohoʻopaʻapaʻahe [Xe] 6s24f9. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻekolu mau electrons ma mua o ka lilo ʻana o ka nui o ka nuklea i mea nui e hiki ke hoʻohui hou ʻia. Eia naʻe, ma ka hihia ohoʻopaʻapaʻa, ka hapalua pihahoʻopaʻapaʻahiki i ka ionization hou o ka ha electron i mua o ka ikaika loa oxidant e like me ka fluorine kinoea.
Metala
Terbiumhe metala lepo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me ka ductility, ka paʻakikī, a me ka palupalu hiki ke ʻoki ʻia me ka pahi. Ka helu heheʻe 1360 ℃, kahi e hoʻolapalapa ai 3123 ℃, mānoanoa 8229 4kg/m3. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea lanthanide mua, ʻano paʻa i ka lewa. ʻO ka ʻeiwa ʻeiwa o nā mea lanthanide, terbium, he metala i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia e hana me ka wai e hana i ke kinoea hydrogen.
Ma ke ʻano,hoʻopaʻapaʻaʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia he mea manuahi, aia i loko o nā mea liʻiliʻi i loko o ka phosphorous cerium thorium one a me ka silicon beryllium yttrium ore.Terbiumnoho pū me nā mea ʻokoʻa honua ʻē aʻe ma ke one monazite, me ka maʻamau 0.03% terbium maʻamau. Loaʻa nā kumu ʻē aʻe i ka yttrium phosphate a me ke gula honua ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua i hui pū ʻia o nā oxides a hiki i ka 1% terbium.
Palapala noi
ʻO ka noi ohoʻopaʻapaʻaʻO ka hapa nui e pili ana i nā kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia ka ʻenehana ikaika a me ka ʻike ikaika o nā papahana ʻokiʻoki, a me nā papahana me nā pōmaikaʻi waiwai nui, me nā manaʻo hoʻomohala hoihoi.
Aia nā wahi noi nui:
(1) Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano honua like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui honua laha a me ka mea hoʻohui hānai no ka mahiʻai.
(2) Mea hoʻoulu no ka pauka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ʻekolu mau pauka fluorescent mua. Pono nā mea optoelectronic hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu kala kumu o ka phosphors, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka uliuli, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e synthesize i nā kala like ʻole. Ahoʻopaʻapaʻahe mea pono i loko o nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe.
(3) Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he magneto optical storage material. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi amorphous metala terbium transition metal alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā disc magneto optical kiʻekiʻe.
(4) Ke hana ʻana i ke aniani aniani magneto. ʻO ke aniani rotatory Faraday i loaʻa i ka terbium kahi mea nui no ka hana ʻana i nā rotators, isolator, a me circulators i ka ʻenehana laser.
(5) Ua wehe ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) i nā noi hou no ka terbium.
No ka mahiai a me ka hanai holoholona
honua laha olehoʻopaʻapaʻahiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu a hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis i loko o kahi pae koʻikoʻi. He kiʻekiʻe ka hana olaola o nā complexes of terbium, a me nā complexes ternary ohoʻopaʻapaʻa, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, loaʻa nā hopena antibacterial a me ka bactericidal maikaʻi ma Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, a me Escherichia coli, me nā waiwai antibacterial ākea ākea. Hāʻawi ke aʻo ʻana i kēia mau paʻakikī i kahi kuhikuhi noiʻi hou no nā lāʻau bactericidal hou.
Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua o ka luminescence
Pono nā mea optoelectronic hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu kala kumu o ka phosphors, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka uliuli, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e synthesize i nā kala like ʻole. A he mea nui ka terbium i nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe. Inā ka hānau ʻana o ka honua kala ʻole TV ʻulaʻula fluorescent pauka ua hoʻoulu i ke koi noyttriumaeuropium, a laila ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka noi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka terbium e ka honua laha ʻekolu ʻekolu kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo fluorescent pauka no nā kukui. I ka makahiki mua o 1980, ua hana ʻo Philips i ke kukui uila hoʻopakele ikehu hoʻopaʻa mua loa o ka honua a hoʻolaha koke ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā Tb3+ions ke hoʻokuʻu i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 545nm, a ʻaneʻane hoʻohana nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo laha ʻole.hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ma ke ano he mea hooikaika.
ʻO ka pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻohana ʻia no nā pahu uila cathode ray tubes (CRTs) i hoʻokumu mau ʻia i ka zinc sulfide maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi, akā ua hoʻohana mau ʻia ka pauka terbium ma ke ʻano projection color TV green powder, e like me Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, a me LaOBr: Tb3+. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kīwī wehewehe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (HDTV), ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe no nā CRT. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo hybrid ma waho, nona ka Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, a me Y2SiO5: Tb3+, nona ka maikaʻi luminescence maikaʻi loa i ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa.
ʻO ka pauka fluorescent X-ray kuʻuna he calcium tungstate. I nā makahiki 1970 a me 1980, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā pauka fluorescent honua laha no nā pale sensitization, e like mehoʻopaʻapaʻa, ka lanthanum sulfide oxide, ka terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (no nā pale ʻōmaʻomaʻo), a me ka terbium yttrium sulfide oxide. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka calcium tungstate, hiki ke hoʻemi i ka manawa o ka X-ray irradiation no nā mea maʻi e 80%, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻonā ʻana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni X-ray, hoʻonui i ke ola o nā paipu X-ray, a hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Terbium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka pauka fluorescent no nā pale hoʻonui X-ray olakino, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka naʻau o ka hoʻololi ʻana o X-ray i nā kiʻi optical, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mālamalama o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni X-ray, a hoʻemi nui i ka hōʻike ʻana o X- nā kukuna i ke kino o ke kanaka (ma mua o 50%).
TerbiumHoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka phosphor LED keʻokeʻo i hauʻoli ʻia e ke kukui uliuli no nā kukui semiconductor hou. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka terbium aluminika magneto optical crystal phosphors, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā diodes ʻulaʻula uliuli e like me nā kumu kukui excitation, a ua hui ʻia ka fluorescence i hana ʻia me ka kukui excitation e hana i ke kukui keʻokeʻo maʻemaʻe.
ʻO nā mea electroluminescent i hana ʻia mai ka terbium ka nui o ka zinc sulfide green fluorescent powder mehoʻopaʻapaʻae like me ka mea hana. Ma lalo o ka ultraviolet irradiation, hiki i nā mea paʻakikī o terbium ke hoʻokuʻu i ka fluorescence ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea electroluminescent kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi. ʻOiai ua loaʻa ka holomua nui ma ke aʻo ʻana ohonua lahaʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi electroluminescent paʻakikī, aia nō kekahi ʻokoʻa mai ka hoʻohana pono ʻana, a ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni electroluminescent paʻakikī honua paʻakikī a paʻa mau i ka hohonu.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona fluorescence o terbium ma ke ʻano he ʻimi fluorescence. Ua aʻo ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) a me ka deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluorescence a me ka absorption spectra, e like me ka fluorescence probe o ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki i ka ofloxacin Tb3+ probe ke hana i kahi awelika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā molekole DNA, a hiki i ka deoxyribonucleic acid ke hoʻonui nui i ka fluorescence o ka ofloxacin Tb3+ system. Ma muli o kēia hoʻololi, hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka waika deoxyribonucleic.
No nā mea magneto optical
ʻO nā mea me ka hopena Faraday, ʻike ʻia hoʻi nā mea magneto-optical, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā lasers a me nā mea uila ʻē aʻe. ʻElua mau ʻano mea maʻamau o nā mea magneto optical: magneto optical crystals a me magneto optical glass. Ma waena o lākou, loaʻa nā kristal magneto-optical (e like me ka yttrium iron garnet a me ka terbium gallium garnet) i nā mea maikaʻi o ke alapine hana hiki ke hoʻololi a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, akā he pipiʻi a paʻakikī ke hana. Eia kekahi, nui nā kristal magneto-optical me nā kihi kiʻekiʻe Faraday rotation kiʻekiʻe i ka absorption kiʻekiʻe i ka laulā hawewe pōkole, e kaupalena ana i kā lākou hoʻohana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kristal optical magneto, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aniani magneto optical i ka transmittance kiʻekiʻe a maʻalahi ke hana ʻia i mau poloka nui a i ʻole nā fibers. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā makaaniani magneto-optical me ka hopena Faraday kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā aniani ion doped honua.
Hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea mālama mālama magneto optical
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka multimedia a me ka automation office, ke piʻi nei ka koi no nā disc magnetic kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi amorphous metala terbium transition metal alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā disc magneto optical kiʻekiʻe. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka TbFeCo alloy thin film ka hana maikaʻi loa. Ua hana ʻia nā mea magneto-optical hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Terbium ma ke ʻano nui, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā disc magneto-optical i hana ʻia mai ia mau mea e like me nā ʻāpana mālama kamepiula, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e 10-15 mau manawa. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pōmaikaʻi o ka mana nui a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, a hiki ke holoi ʻia a uhi ʻia i nā ʻumi kaukani mau manawa ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā disc optical kiʻekiʻe. He mau mea koʻikoʻi lākou i ka ʻenehana mālama ʻike uila. ʻO ka mea magneto-optical maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻike a kokoke i ka infrared ʻo Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) hoʻokahi aniani, ʻo ia ka mea magneto-optical maikaʻi loa no ka hana ʻana i nā rotators a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale Faraday.
No ke aniani optical magneto
He maikaʻi ka ʻike a me ka isotropy ʻo Faraday magneto optical glass i nā ʻāpana ʻike a me ka infrared, a hiki ke hana i nā ʻano paʻakikī. He maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i nā huahana nui a hiki ke huki ʻia i loko o nā fiber optical. No laila, loaʻa iā ia nā manaʻo noi ākea i nā mea magneto optical e like me ka magneto optical isolator, magneto optical modulators, a me ka fiber optic i kēia manawa. Ma muli o ka nui o ka manawa magnetic a me ka li'ili'i o ka absorption coefficient i ka ʻike maka a me ka infrared, ua hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā ion Tb3+ i nā aniani o ka magneto optical.
ʻO Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana honua, ua puka wikiwiki nā mea noi honua hou. I ka makahiki 1984, Iowa State University, ka Ames Laboratory o ka US Department of Energy, a me ka US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (mai kahi i hele mai ai nā limahana nui o ka Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) i hui pū ʻia) e hoʻomohala i kahi mea hou loa. mea akamai honua, ʻo ia ka terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive material. He mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa kēia mea naʻauao hou o ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana i ka ikehu uila i ikehu mechanical. Ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia nā transducers ma lalo o ka wai a me ka electro-acoustic i hana ʻia me kēia mea magnetostrictive nunui i nā lako kaua moana, nā ʻōlelo ʻike ʻaila ʻaila, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele walaʻau a me ka haʻalulu, a me ka ʻimi moana a me nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ma lalo o ka honua. No laila, i ka manawa i hānau ʻia ai ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, ua loaʻa ka manaʻo nui mai nā ʻāina ʻoihana a puni ka honua. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Edge Technologies ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material i ka makahiki 1989 a kapa ʻia lākou ʻo Terfenol D. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Suedena, Iapana, Rūsia, United Kingdom, a me Australia i ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material.
Mai ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mea ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka mea i hana ʻia o ka mea a me kāna mau noi monopolistic mua e pili pono ana i ka ʻoihana koa (e like me ka navy). ʻOiai ke hoʻoikaika mālie nei nā pūʻali koa a me nā keʻena pale o Kina i ko lākou ʻike i kēia mea. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka ikaika ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o Kina, ʻo ke koi no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻokūkū pūʻali koa 21st century a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā pae pono e wikiwiki loa. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material e nā pūʻali koa a me nā keʻena pale aupuni e lilo i mea pono.
I ka pōkole, nā waiwai maikaʻi he nui ohoʻopaʻapaʻae lilo ia i lālā pono ʻole o nā mea hana he nui a me kahi kūlana hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia i kekahi mau kahua noi. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka terbium, ua aʻo ka poʻe pehea e pale aku ai a hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka terbium i mea e hōʻemi ai i nā kumukūʻai hana. No ka laʻana, pono hoʻi e hoʻohana nā mea magneto-optical honua laha loahao dysprosiumcobalt a i ʻole gadolinium terbium cobalt e like me ka hiki; E ho'āʻo e hōʻemi i ka ʻike o ka terbium i loko o ka pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo pono e hoʻohana. Ua lilo ke kumu kūʻai i mea koʻikoʻi e kāohi ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana ohoʻopaʻapaʻa. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea hana he nui ke hana me ka ʻole, no laila pono mākou e pili i ke kumu o ka "hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila maikaʻi ma ka ʻili" a hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka hoʻohanahoʻopaʻapaʻae like me ka hiki.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Oct-25-2023