Terbiumpili i ka mahele o ke kaumahanā ʻāina laha ʻole, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻōpala o ka Honua ma ka 1.1 ppm wale nō. ʻO ka Terbium oxide ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 0.01% o ka nui o nā honua laha. ʻOiai i loko o ke ʻano yttrium ion kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi nui me ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka terbium, ʻo ka terbium maʻiʻo wale nō ka helu no 1.1-1.2% o ka nui o ka honua laha, e hōʻike ana aia ia i ka ʻāpana "noble" o nā mea o ka honua. No nā makahiki he 100 mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka terbium i ka makahiki 1843, ua pale kona hemahema a me kona waiwai i kāna hoʻohana pono ʻana no ka manawa lōʻihi. Aia wale nō i nā makahiki 30 i hala iho nei ua hōʻike ʻo terbium i kāna talena kūʻokoʻa.
ʻIke ʻana i ka mōʻaukala
Ua loaʻa iā Carl Gustaf Mosander ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Suedena i ka terbium i ka makahiki 1843. Ua loaʻa iā ia kona mau haumia i lokoYttrium(III) oxideaY2O3. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Yttrium ma hope o ke kauhale o Ytterby ma Suedena. Ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka ʻenehana hoʻololi ion, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka terbium i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻo Mosant iā Yttrium(III) oxide i ʻekolu ʻāpana, ua kapa ʻia nā mea a pau ma hope o nā ores: Yttrium (III) oxide,Erbium(III) oxide, a me ka terbium oxide. Ua haku ʻia ka Terbium oxide me kahi ʻāpana ʻulaʻula, ma muli o ka mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa he erbium. ʻO "Erbium(III) oxide" (me ka mea a mākou i kapa ai i kēia manawa he terbium) ʻo ia ka ʻāpana kala ʻole i ka hopena. ʻO ka oxide insoluble o kēia mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻeleʻele.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā limahana ke nānā aku i ka "Erbium(III) oxide" liʻiliʻi kala ʻole, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula. Ua ulu mau nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ke ola ʻana o ka Erbium(III) oxide. I loko o ka haunaele, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka inoa kumu a ua paʻa ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā inoa, no laila ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula ma ke ʻano he hopena i loaʻa ka erbium (i ka hopena, he ʻulaʻula). Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ua lawe nā limahana e hoʻohana ana i ka sodium bisulfate a i ʻole Potassium sulfateCerium(IV) oxidemai loko mai o ka Yttrium(III) oxide a hoʻohuli ʻole i ka terbium i sediment i loko o ka cerium. Ma kahi o 1% wale nō o ka Yttrium(III) oxide, i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo "terbium", ua lawa ia e hāʻawi i kahi waihoʻoluʻu melemele iā Yttrium(III) oxide. No laila, ʻo ka terbium kahi ʻāpana lua i loaʻa mua iā ia, a mālama ʻia e kona mau hoalauna, gadolinium a me dysprosium.
Ma hope iho, i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā mea ʻokoʻa honua ʻē aʻe mai kēia hui ʻana, me ka nānā ʻole i ka hapa o ka oxide, mālama ʻia ka inoa o ka terbium a hiki i ka hopena, ua loaʻa ka ʻohe ʻeleʻele o ka terbium ma ke ʻano maʻemaʻe. ʻAʻole i hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i ke kenekulia 19 i ka ʻenehana ultraviolet fluorescence e nānā i nā nodules melemele a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha (III), e maʻalahi ai ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka terbium i nā huila paʻa.
hoʻonohonoho ʻelepona
Hoʻonohonoho electron:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho Electron o terbium he [Xe] 6s24f9. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻekolu mau electron ma mua o ka lilo ʻana o ka nui o ka nuklea e hiki ke hoʻohui hou ʻia, akā ma ke ʻano o ka terbium, semi hoʻopiha terbium e ʻae i ka ha o ka electron e hoʻohui hou ʻia i mua o nā oxidants ikaika loa e like me ke kinoea fluorine.
ʻO Terbium kahi metala keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo like ʻole me ka ductility, ka paʻakikī, a me ka palupalu hiki ke ʻoki ʻia me ka pahi. Ka helu heheʻe 1360 ℃, kahi e hoʻolapalapa ai 3123 ℃, mānoanoa 8229 4kg/m3. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka Lanthanide mua, paʻa ia i ka lewa. Ma ke ʻano he ʻeiwa o Lanthanide, ʻo terbium kahi metala me ka uila ikaika. Hoʻopili ia me ka wai e hana i ka hydrogen.
Ma ke ʻano, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka terbium he mea manuahi, kahi liʻiliʻi o ia mea i loko o ka phosphocerium thorium one a me Gadolinite. Noho pū ka Terbium me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i loko o ke one monazite, me ka maʻamau 0.03% terbium maʻamau. ʻO nā kumu ʻē aʻe he Xenotime a me ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele gula ʻeleʻele, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua i hui pū ʻia o nā oxides a loaʻa i ka 1% terbium.
Palapala noi
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka terbium ka hapa nui o nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia ka ʻenehana koʻikoʻi a me ka ʻike ikaika o nā papahana ʻokiʻoki, a me nā papahana me nā pōmaikaʻi waiwai nui, me nā manaʻo hoʻomohala hoihoi.
Aia nā wahi noi nui:
(1) Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano honua like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui honua laha a me ka mea hoʻohui hānai no ka mahiʻai.
(2) Mea hoʻoulu no ka pauka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ʻekolu mau pauka fluorescent mua. Pono nā mea optoelectronic hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu kala kumu o ka phosphors, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka uliuli, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e synthesize i nā kala like ʻole. A he mea nui ka terbium i nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe.
(3) Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he magneto optical storage material. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi amorphous metala terbium transition metal alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā disc magneto-optical kiʻekiʻe.
(4) Ke hana ʻana i ke aniani aniani magneto. ʻO ke aniani rotatory Faraday i loaʻa i ka terbium kahi mea nui no ka hana ʻana i nā rotators, isolator, a me circulators i ka ʻenehana laser.
(5) Ua wehe ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) i nā noi hou no ka terbium.
No ka mahiai a me ka hanai holoholona
Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu a hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis i loko o kahi pae koʻikoʻi. Loaʻa i ka Terbium complexes ka hana olaola kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā complexes Ternary o terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, loaʻa nā hopena antibacterial a me ka bactericidal maikaʻi ma Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis a me Escherichia coli. Loaʻa iā lākou ka laulā antibacterial ākea. Hāʻawi ke aʻo ʻana i ia mau paʻakikī i kahi kuhikuhi noiʻi hou no nā lāʻau bactericidal hou.
Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua o ka luminescence
Pono nā mea optoelectronic hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu kala kumu o ka phosphors, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka uliuli, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e synthesize i nā kala like ʻole. A he mea nui ka terbium i nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe. Inā ʻo ka hānau ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula TV ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i hoʻoulu ʻia i ka noi no ka yttrium a me ka europium, a laila ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka noi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka terbium e ka honua laʻa ʻekolu kala ʻulaʻula fluorescent pauka no nā kukui. I ka makahiki mua o 1980, ua hana ʻo Philips i ke kukui uila hoʻopakele ikehu hoʻopaʻa mua loa o ka honua a hoʻolaha koke ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā Tb3+ions ke hoʻokuʻu i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 545nm, a kokoke i nā phosphors ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo āpau āpau e hoʻohana i ka terbium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu.
ʻO ka phosphor ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ke kala TV cathode ray tube (CRT) ua hoʻokumu mau ʻia ma Zinc sulfide, he mea maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi, akā ua hoʻohana mau ʻia ka pauka terbium e like me ka phosphor ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka TV kala projection, me Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3+, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+a me LaOBr ∶ Tb3+. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kīwī wehewehe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (HDTV), ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe no nā CRT. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo hybrid ma waho, nona ka Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, a me Y2SiO5: Tb3+, nona ka maikaʻi luminescence maikaʻi loa i ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa.
ʻO ka pauka fluorescent X-ray kuʻuna he calcium tungstate. I nā makahiki 1970 a me 1980, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā phosphors honua laha loa no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā pale, e like me ka terbium activated sulfur Lanthanum oxide, terbium activated bromine Lanthanum oxide (no nā pale ʻōmaʻomaʻo), terbium activated sulfur Yttrium (III) oxide, etc. Hiki i ka pauka fluorescent honua hiki ke hoʻemi i ka manawa o ka X-ray irradiation no nā maʻi e 80%, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻonā o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni X-ray, hoʻonui i ke ola o nā paipu X-ray, a hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Terbium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka pauka fluorescent no nā pale hoʻonui X-ray olakino, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka naʻau o ka hoʻololi ʻana o X-ray i nā kiʻi optical, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mālamalama o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni X-ray, a hoʻemi nui i ka hōʻike ʻana o X- nā kukuna i ke kino o ke kanaka (ma mua o 50%).
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Terbium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka phosphor LED keʻokeʻo i hoʻoliʻoli ʻia e ke kukui polū no nā kukui semiconductor hou. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka terbium alumini magneto optical crystal phosphors, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā diodes kukui polū e like me nā kumu kukui excitation, a ua hui ʻia ka fluorescence i hana ʻia me ke kukui hoʻoulu e hana i ke kukui keʻokeʻo maʻemaʻe.
ʻO nā mea electroluminescent i hana ʻia me ka terbium ka nui o ka Zinc sulfide green phosphor me ka terbium e like me ka mea hana. Ma lalo o ka ultraviolet irradiation, hiki i nā mea paʻakikī o terbium ke hoʻokuʻu i ka fluorescence ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea electroluminescent kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi. ʻOiai ua holomua nui ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni electroluminescent ʻeleʻele, aia nō kekahi ʻokoʻa mai ka hoʻohana ʻana, a ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi electroluminescent paʻakikī honua ʻokoʻa a me nā mea hana i ka hohonu.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona fluorescence o terbium ma ke ʻano he ʻimi fluorescence. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) fluorescence probe e aʻo i ka pilina ma waena o Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) paʻakikī a me DNA (DNA) e ka fluorescence spectrum a me ka absorption spectrum, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka Ofloxacin Tb3+ probe ke hana i kahi awelika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā molekole DNA, a hiki i ka DNA ke hoʻonui nui i ka fluorescence o Ofloxacin Tb3+ system. Ma muli o kēia hoʻololi, hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka DNA.
No nā mea magneto optical
ʻO nā mea me ka hopena Faraday, ʻike ʻia hoʻi nā mea magneto-optical, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā lasers a me nā mea uila ʻē aʻe. ʻElua mau ʻano mea maʻamau o nā mea magneto optical: magneto optical crystals a me magneto optical glass. Ma waena o lākou, loaʻa nā kristal magneto-optical (e like me Yttrium iron garnet a me terbium gallium garnet) i nā mea maikaʻi o ke alapine hana hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, akā he kumukūʻai a paʻakikī ke hana. Eia kekahi, nui nā kristal magneto-optical me ke kiʻekiʻe Faraday rotation angle he kiʻekiʻe ka absorption i ka laulā hawewe pōkole, kahi e kaupalena ʻia ai kā lākou hoʻohana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kristal optical magneto, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aniani magneto optical i ka transmittance kiʻekiʻe a maʻalahi ke hana ʻia i mau poloka nui a i ʻole nā fibers. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā makaaniani magneto-optical me ka hopena Faraday kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā aniani ion doped honua.
Hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea mālama mālama magneto optical
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka multimedia a me ka automation office, ke piʻi nei ka koi no nā disc magnetic kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni metala terbium transition metal alloy e hana i nā disc magneto-optical kiʻekiʻe. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka TbFeCo alloy thin film ka hana maikaʻi loa. Ua hana ʻia nā mea magneto-optical hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Terbium ma ke ʻano nui, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā disc magneto-optical i hana ʻia mai ia mau mea e like me nā ʻāpana mālama kamepiula, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e 10-15 mau manawa. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pōmaikaʻi o ka mana nui a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, a hiki ke holoi ʻia a uhi ʻia i nā ʻumi kaukani mau manawa ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā disc optical kiʻekiʻe. He mau mea koʻikoʻi lākou i ka ʻenehana mālama ʻike uila. ʻO ka mea magneto-optical maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻike a kokoke i ka infrared ʻo Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) hoʻokahi aniani, ʻo ia ka mea magneto-optical maikaʻi loa no ka hana ʻana i nā rotators a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale Faraday.
No ke aniani optical magneto
He maikaʻi ka ʻike a me ka isotropy ʻo Faraday magneto optical glass i nā ʻāpana ʻike a me ka infrared, a hiki ke hana i nā ʻano paʻakikī. He maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i nā huahana nui a hiki ke huki ʻia i loko o nā fiber optical. No laila, loaʻa iā ia nā manaʻo noi ākea i nā mea magneto optical e like me ka magneto optical isolator, magneto optical modulators, a me ka fiber optic i kēia manawa. Ma muli o ka nui o ka manawa magnetic a me ka li'ili'i o ka absorption coefficient i ka ʻike maka a me ka infrared, ua hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā ion Tb3+ i nā aniani o ka magneto optical.
ʻO Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, me ka hoʻohonu ʻana o ka honua ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, ua puka koke mai ka honua laha ʻole i Applied Materials. Ma 1984, Iowa State University of United States, Ames Laboratory o ka United States Department of Energy o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (nā limahana nui o ka American Edge Technology Company (ET REMA) i hele mai mai. ke kikowaena) hoʻomohala pū i kahi mea akamai honua hou, ʻo ia hoʻi ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material. Loaʻa i kēia mea akamai hou nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana i ka ikehu uila i ka ikehu mechanical. Ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia nā transducers ma lalo o ka wai a me ka electro-acoustic i hana ʻia me kēia mea magnetostrictive nunui i nā lako kaua moana, nā ʻōlelo ʻike ʻaila ʻaila, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele walaʻau a me ka haʻalulu, a me ka ʻimi moana a me nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ma lalo o ka honua. No laila, i ka manawa i hānau ʻia ai ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, ua loaʻa ka manaʻo nui mai nā ʻāina ʻoihana a puni ka honua. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Edge Technologies ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material i ka makahiki 1989 a kapa ʻia lākou ʻo Terfenol D. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Suedena, Iapana, Rūsia, United Kingdom, a me Australia i ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material.
Mai ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mea ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka mea i hana ʻia o ka mea a me kāna mau noi monopolistic mua e pili pono ana i ka ʻoihana koa (e like me ka navy). ʻOiai ke hoʻoikaika mālie nei nā pūʻali koa a me nā keʻena pale o Kina i ko lākou ʻike i kēia mea. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka mana aupuni o Kina, ʻo nā koi no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻolālā hoʻokūkū koa i ka 21st century a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pae o nā mea hana e wikiwiki loa. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material e nā pūʻali koa a me nā keʻena pale aupuni e lilo i mea pono.
I ka pōkole, ʻo ka nui o nā waiwai maikaʻi o ka terbium e lilo ia i lālā koʻikoʻi o nā mea hana he nui a he kūlana hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia i kekahi mau kahua noi. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka terbium, ua aʻo ka poʻe pehea e pale aku ai a hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka terbium i mea e hōʻemi ai i nā kumukūʻai hana. No ka laʻana, pono e hoʻohana nā mea magneto-optical honua laha ʻole e like me ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ka dysprosium iron cobalt a i ʻole gadolinium terbium cobalt; E ho'āʻo e hōʻemi i ka ʻike o ka terbium i loko o ka pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo pono e hoʻohana. Ua lilo ke kumu kūʻai i mea nui e kaohi ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka terbium. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i nā mea hana he nui me ka ʻole, no laila pono mākou e pili i ke kumumanaʻo o ka "hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila maikaʻi ma ka lau" a hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka terbium e like me ka hiki.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-05-2023