ʻElemu Honua Laha ʻole: Holmium

Holmium, helu ʻātoma 67, kaumaha ʻātoma 164.93032, inoa ʻelemu i loaʻa mai ka wahi hānau o ka mea ʻike.

ʻO ka maʻiʻo oholmiumi loko o ka ʻōpala he 0.000115%, a aia pū me nā mea ʻē aʻenā mea ʻeleʻele rarei loko o nā minerala monazite a me nā ʻāina laha ʻole. ʻO ka isotope paʻa kūlohelohe he holmium 165 wale nō.

Paʻa ka Holmium i ka ea maloʻo a oxidize wikiwiki i nā wela kiʻekiʻe;Holmium oxideʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waiwai paramagnetic ikaika loa.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hui o ka holmium i mea hoʻohui no nā mea ferromagnetic hou; Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Holmium iodide e hana i nā kukui halide metala -nā kukui holmium, a hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lasers holmium i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻIke ʻana i ka mōʻaukala

Ua ʻike ʻia e: JL Soret, PT Cleve

Ua ʻike ʻia mai ka makahiki 1878 a i ka makahiki 1879

Kaʻina hana ʻike: ʻike ʻia e JL Soret i ka makahiki 1878; Ua ʻike ʻia e PT Cleve i ka makahiki 1879

Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Mossander i ka honua a me ka erbiumhoʻopaʻapaʻahonua maiyttriumhonua i ka makahiki 1842, ua hoʻohana nui ka poʻe chemists i ka nānā ʻana i nā spectral no ka ʻike a hoʻoholo ʻana ʻaʻole lākou he oxide maʻemaʻe o kahi mea, nāna i paipai i nā chemists e hoʻomau i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou. Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ytterbium oxide a mescandium oxideMai ka maunu oxidized, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Cliff i ʻelua mau mea hoʻoheheʻe hou i ka makahiki 1879. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi o lākou ʻo Holmium e hoʻomanaʻo i ka wahi hānau o Cliff, ʻo ka inoa Latin kahiko ʻo Holmia ma Stockholm, Suedena, me ka hōʻailona elemental Ho. I ka makahiki 1886, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mea mai ka holmium e Bouvabadrand, akā ua paʻa ka inoa o ka holmium. Me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka holmium a me nā mea ʻokoʻa honua ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻopau ʻia kahi pae ʻē aʻe o ke kolu o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻano honua.

Hoʻolālā uila:

Hoʻolālā uila:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11

He metala ia, e like me ka dysprosium, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā neutron i hana ʻia e ka nukle fission.

I loko o kahi reactor nuklea, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana, a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, mālama ʻia ka wikiwiki o ke kaulahao.

ʻElemu wehewehe: ʻO ka ikehu ionization mua he 6.02 electron volts. Loaʻa i ka ʻulaʻula metala. Hiki iā ia ke hana mālie me ka wai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā waikawa dilute. He melemele ka paʻakai. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā ka oxide Ho2O2. E hoʻoheheʻe i loko o nā ʻakika mineral e hana i nā paʻakai melemele trivalent.

Kumu kumu: hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka holmium fluoride HoF3 · 2H2O me ka calcium.

Metala

ʻO ka Holmium he metala keʻokeʻo kālā me ke ʻano palupalu a me ka ductility; ʻO ka helu heheʻe 1474 ° C, kahi e hoʻolapalapa ai 2695 ° C, ʻano nui 8.7947 g/cm holmium mika ³.

Paʻa ka Holmium i ka ea maloʻo a oxidize wikiwiki i nā wela kiʻekiʻe; ʻIke ʻia ʻo Holmium oxide i nā waiwai paramagnetic ikaika loa.

Loaʻa i nā pūhui i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i mea hoʻohui no nā mea ferromagnetic hou; Holmium iodide i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā kukui halide metala - nā kukui holmium

Palapala noi

(1) Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui no nā kukui halide metala, ʻo nā kukui halide metala kekahi ʻano o ke kukui hoʻokuʻu kinoea i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke kumu o nā kukui mercury kiʻekiʻe, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka ʻōpala me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka honua halides. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ka honua iodide, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā kala spectral like ʻole i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu kinoea. ʻO ka mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kukui holmium he holmium iodide, hiki ke hoʻokō i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻātoma metala ma ka ʻāpana arc, e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ana i ka pono radiation.

(2) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Holmium i mea hoʻohui no ka hao yttrium a i ʻole yttrium alumini garnet.

(3) Ho: Hiki i ka YAG doped yttrium alumini garnet ke hoʻokuʻu i ka laser 2 μ M, ke kino kanaka ma ka 2 μ ʻO ka nui o ka absorption o ka m laser he kiʻekiʻe, kokoke iʻekolu kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ka Hd: YAG. No laila i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laser Ho: YAG no ka ʻoki kino ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi wale ʻia ka maikaʻi a me ka pololei o ka hana, akā hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka wahi pōʻino wela i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Hiki i ke kukui manuahi i hana ʻia e nā kristal holmium ke hoʻopau i ka momona me ka hana ʻole ʻana i ka wela nui, a laila e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino wela i nā ʻiʻo olakino. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka holmium laser lapaʻau no ka glaucoma ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa hiki ke hoʻemi i ka ʻeha o nā maʻi e hana ana i ka ʻoki. Kina 2 μ Ua hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kristal laser m ka pae honua, a pono e hoʻoikaika ʻia e hoʻomohala a hana i kēia ʻano kristal laser.

(4) I loko o ka magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o ka holmium e hōʻemi i ke kahua o waho e koi ʻia no ka saturation magnetization o ka alloy.

(5) Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka holmium doped fiber ke hana i nā mea kamaʻilio optical e like me ka fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, a me nā fiber sensors, kahi e pāʻani nui ai i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ke kamaʻilio fiber optic i kēia lā.

(6) ʻenehana holmium laser lithotripsy: He kūpono ka lāʻau holmium laser lithotripsy no nā pōhaku ʻāʻī paʻakikī, nā pōhaku ureteral, a me nā pōhaku ʻōpū i hiki ʻole ke haki ʻia e ka extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithotripsy laser holmium lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ka fiber slender o ka laser holmium lāʻau lapaʻau e hōʻea pololei i ka ʻōpū, ureter, a me nā pōhaku ʻeke ma o ka urethra a me ka ureter ma o ka cystoscope a me ka ureteroscope. A laila, hoʻoponopono nā loea urology i ka laser holmium e wāwahi i nā pōhaku. ʻO ka maikaʻi o kēia ʻano hana lapaʻau laser holmium ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā pōhaku ureteral, nā pōhaku ʻōpū, a me ka hapa nui o nā pōhaku maʻi. ʻO ka pōʻino, ʻo ia no kekahi mau pōhaku i ka calice renal luna a me lalo, aia paha he wahi liʻiliʻi o nā koena pōhaku ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o ka holmium laser fiber ke komo mai ka ureter a hiki i ka pae pōhaku.