Cerium ʻo ia ka 'kaikunāne nui' i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana nui o nā mea honua laha. ʻO ka mea mua, he 238ppm ka nui o nā ʻāina laha ʻole i loko o ka ʻāʻī, me ka cerium ma 68ppm, ʻo ia ka 28% o ka huina o ka haku honua laha ʻole a me ka pae mua; ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka cerium ka lua o ka ʻeleʻele o ka honua i ʻike ʻia i ʻeiwa mau makahiki ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka yttrium (1794). He nui loa kona noi, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka "cerium".
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o ka Cerium Element
ʻO Carl Auer von Welsbach
Ua ʻike ʻia a ua kapa ʻia ʻo Cerium i ka makahiki 1803 e German Kloppers, Swedish chemist J ö ns Jakob Berzelius, a me Swedish mineralogist Wilhelm Hisinger. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ceria, a ua kapa ʻia kāna ʻai he cerite, no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā Ceres, kahi asteroid i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1801. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia ʻano cerium silicate he paʻakai hydrated i loaʻa ka 66% a 70% cerium, a ʻo ke koena he pūhui calcium. , hao, ayttrium.
ʻO ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i ka cerium he kapuahi kinoea i hana ʻia e ka mea kemika Austrian ʻo Carl Auer von Welsbach. I ka makahiki 1885, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia i ka hui ʻana o ka magnesium, lanthanum, a me ka yttrium oxide, akā ua hoʻopuka kēia mau hui ʻana i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka ʻole o ka kūleʻa.
I ka makahiki 1891, ua ʻike ʻo ia he kukui ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka thorium oxide, ʻoiai he uliuli, a hui pū ʻia me Cerium(IV) oxide e hana i kahi kukui keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Cerium(IV) oxide ma ke ʻano he catalyst no ka thorium oxide combustion
Metala Cerium
★ ʻO ka Cerium he metala keʻokeʻo kala a palupalu me nā mea hana. Ke hōʻike ʻia i ka ea, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hana i kahi ʻōpala e like me ka peeling oxide layer. Ke hoʻomehana ʻia, ʻaʻa a hana wikiwiki me ka wai. ʻO ke kenimika ka nui o ka metala cerium e ʻino loa i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki. Hōʻalo i ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka ea, nā oxidants ikaika, nā waikawa ikaika, a me nā halogens.
★ Loaʻa ka Cerium ma ka monazite a me ka bastnaesite, a me nā huahana fission o ka uranium, thorium, a me ka plutonium. He pōʻino i ke kaiapuni, pono ke nānā pono i ka haumia o nā kino wai.
★ ʻO Cerium ka 26 o ka mea nui loa, helu ʻia no ka 68ppm o ka ʻōpala o ka Honua, ʻelua wale nō i ke keleawe (68ppm). ʻOi aku ka nui o ka Cerium ma mua o nā metala maʻamau e like me ke kēpau (13pm) a me ka tin (2.1ppm).
Hoʻonohonoho Electron Cerium
Nā hoʻonohonoho uila:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f1 5d1
★ Aia ka Cerium ma hope o ka lanthanum a loaʻa iā ia nā electrons 4f e hoʻomaka ana mai ka cerium, e maʻalahi ai ke komo ʻana i nā hopena kemika. Eia naʻe, paʻa ka orbital 5d o ka cerium, a ʻaʻole ikaika kēia hopena i ka cerium.
★ Hiki i ka hapa nui o Lanthanide ke hoʻohana i ʻekolu mau electron e like me Valence electron, me ka ʻokoʻa o ka cerium, nona kahi ʻano uila uila. ʻO ka ikehu o 4f electrons ua aneane like me ko waho 5d a me 6s electrons delocalized i loko o ka moku'āina metala, a he uuku wale no ka ikehu e pono ai e hoololi i ka pili o keia mau ikehu ikehu, i ka hopena i ka pālua valence o. +3 a me +4. ʻO ke kūlana maʻamau he +3 valence, e hōʻike ana i ka +4 valence i ka wai anaerobic.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cerium
★ Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui a no ka hana ʻana i nā paʻakai cerium, etc.
★ Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke aniani additive e hoʻomoʻi i nā kukui ultraviolet a me ka infrared, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke aniani Car.
★ Hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka maikaʻi kaiapuni palekana mea, a me keia manawa ka loa 'elele o ka automotive exhaust hoʻomaʻemaʻe catalyst, ka mea e pale pono i ka nui o ka automotive exhaust kinoea mai ka hoʻokuʻu 'ia i ka lewa.
★ Māmānā mea ʻeleʻele rareka nui o ka cerium no ka mea hiki i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu, hoʻonui i ka hua, a hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu.
★ Hiki i ka Cerium sulfide ke pani i nā metala e like me ke kēpau a me ka cadmium e pōʻino i ke kaiapuni a me nā kānaka i loko o nā puaʻa, hiki ke kala i nā plastics, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana uhi a me nā ʻoihana inika.
★Cerium(IV) oxidehiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka hui polishing, no ka laʻana, ma Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).
★ Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Cerium e like me nā mea mālama hydrogen, thermoelectric mea, cerium tungsten electrodes, Ceramic capacitor, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, wahie cell maka mea, gasoline catalysts, mau mea hoʻopalekana mau, lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea hao like ʻole a me nā mea ʻole. metala hao.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-03-2023