ʻElemu Honua Rare Magic: "King of Permanent Magnet"-Neodymium

pāʻani

Neodymium, atomic helu 60, atomic kaumaha 144.24, me ka maʻiʻo o 0.00239% i loko o ka crust, nui loa i loko o ka monazite a me ka bastnaesite. ʻEhiku isotopes o ka neodymium ma ke ʻano: neodymium 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 a me 150, ma waena o ka neodymium 142 ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa. Me ka hānau ʻana o praseodymium, ua puka mai ka neodymium. ʻO ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka neodymium i hoʻāla i ka māla honua laha a hoʻokani i kahi kuleana nui i loko.

ʻIke ʻia o Neodymium

ʻO Karl Orvon Welsbach (1858-1929), ka mea ʻike i ka neodymium

I ka makahiki 1885, ua ʻike ʻo Carl Orvon Welsbach ʻo Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach i ka neodymium ma Vienna. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i ka neodymium a me ka praseodymium mai nā mea neodymium symmetric ma o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka crystallizing ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate mai ka waikawa nitric, a ma ka manawa like i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka spectral analysis, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma kahi ʻano maʻemaʻe a hiki i 1925.

Mai ka makahiki 1950, loaʻa ka neodymium maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 99%) ma ke kaʻina hoʻololi ion o ka monazite. Loaʻa ka metala ponoʻī ma ka electrolyzing i kāna paʻakai halide. I kēia manawa, lawe ʻia ka hapa nui o ka neodymium mai (Ce, La, Nd, Pr) CO3F i loko o basta Nathanite a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ka wehe ʻana i ka solvent. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o Ion exchange i ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe loa (maʻa mau> 99.99%) no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana. No ka mea paʻakikī ke wehe ʻana i ke ʻano hope loa o praseodymium i ka wā i hilinaʻi ʻia ka hana ʻana i ka ʻenehana crystallization, ʻo ke aniani neodymium mua i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1930 he kala poni maʻemaʻe. a ʻoi aku ka ʻulaʻula a ʻalani paha ma mua o ka mana hou.

Metala neodymium

Loaʻa i ka metallic neodymium ka ʻālohilohi kala kala, ka helu heheʻe o 1024°C, ka nui o 7.004 g/cm, a me ka paramagnetism. ʻO ka Neodymium kekahi o nā metala ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele loa, e hoʻoheheʻe koke ʻia a pōʻeleʻele i ka lewa, a laila hana i kahi papa oxide a laila ʻili ʻia, e hōʻike ana i ka metala i ka oxidation hou. No laila, ʻo ka laʻana neodymium me ka nui o hoʻokahi kenimika ua hoʻokahe piha ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki. Hana mālie ia i ka wai anuanu a wikiwiki i ka wai wela.

Neodymium hoʻonohonoho uila

hoʻonohonoho uila:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4

ʻO ka hana laser o neodymium ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana o 4f orbital electrons ma waena o nā pae ikehu like ʻole. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mea laser i ke kamaʻilio, ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike, ka mālama olakino, ka mīkini, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. pono.

Hoʻohana i ka Neodymium

ʻO ka mea hoʻohana nui loa o ka neodymium ʻo ia ka NdFeB mau mea paʻa. Kapa ʻia ʻo NdFeB magnet "ke aliʻi o nā magnet mau loa" no kāna huahana ikehu kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka uila, nā mīkini a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe no kāna hana maikaʻi loa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Francis Wall, he kaukaʻi o ka mining noiʻi ma Cumberland School of Mining, University of Exeter, UK: "Ma ke ʻano o nā magnets, ʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke hoʻokūkū me neodymium. o NdFeB magnets ma Kina ua komo i ka honua-papa pae.

Neodymium magnet ma ka paakiki

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Neodymium e hana i nā ceramics, aniani ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ruby ​​artificial i ka laser a me ke aniani kūikawā hiki ke kānana i nā kukuna infrared. Hoʻohana pū ʻia me praseodymium e hana i nā maka aniani no nā mea puhi aniani.

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 1.5% ~ 2.5% nano neodymium oxide i loko o ka magnesium a i ʻole ka alumini alumini hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻa ʻana o ka ea a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ka alloy, a hoʻohana nui ʻia ia e like me nā mea aerospace no ka mokulele.

ʻO ka Nano-yttrium alumini garnet doped me ka nano-neodymium oxide e hana i nā kukuna laser pōkole, kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka wili a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea lahilahi me ka mānoanoa ma lalo o 10mm i ka ʻoihana.

Nd:YAG laser lāʻau

I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ka nano yttrium alumini garnet laser doped me ka nano neodymium oxide no ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻeha hōʻeha a i ʻole nā ​​​​hōʻeha disinfect ma kahi o nā pahi ʻoki.

Hana ʻia ke aniani Neodymium ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka neodymium oxide i loko o ke aniani hehee. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka Lavender i ke aniani neodymium ma lalo o ka lā a i ʻole ke kukui kukui, akā ʻike ʻia ka polū māmā ma lalo o ka hoʻomālamalama kukui. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Neodymium e kala i nā aka aniani e like me ka violet maʻemaʻe, ka ʻulaʻula waina a me ka hina hina.

aniani neodymium

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻepekema honua a me ka ʻenehana, e loaʻa i ka neodymium kahi ākea hoʻohana ākea.