AʻO ka ʻōlelo hoʻohālikelike maʻamau inā ʻo ka ʻaila ke koko o ka ʻoihana, a laila ʻo ka honua laha ka huaora o ka ʻoihana.
ʻO ka honua laha ʻole ka pōkole o kahi hui o nā metala. Ua ʻike ʻia nā Rare Earth Elements, REE) mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18. He 17 mau ʻano REE, me 15 lanthanides i loko o ka papa ʻaina o nā mea kemika-lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), a pēlā aku. ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻano he nui e like me ka uila, petrochemical a me ka metallurgy. Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia 3-5 mau makahiki, hiki i nā ʻepekema ke ʻike i ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka honua laha, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia hoʻokahi o kēlā me kēia ʻeono i ka honua.
Ua waiwai ʻo Kina i nā minelala o ka honua, ʻo ka mea mua ma ʻekolu mau honua: ʻo ka mea mua ma nā waihona waiwai, ʻoi aku ka nui o 23%; ʻO ka mea hoʻopuka ka mea mua, e helu ana i ka 80% a i ka 90% o nā mea kūʻai honua laha ʻole o ka honua; ʻO ka nui o ke kūʻai aku ka mua, me ka 60% a i ka 70% o nā huahana honua laha i lawe ʻia i waho. I ka manawa like, ʻo Kina wale nō ka ʻāina e hiki ke hoʻolako i nā ʻano metala ʻano like ʻole he 17, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻāina laha a me ke kaumaha me ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa koʻikoʻi.
RʻO ka honua kahi kumu waiwai waiwai, i ʻike ʻia ʻo "monosodium glutamate industrial" a me "makuahine o nā mea hou", a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana a me ka ʻoihana koa. Wahi a ka Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, ua lilo nā mea hana e like me ka rare earth permanent magnet, luminescence, hydrogen storage and catalysis i mea waiwai nui no nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e like me ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe, ka ikehu hou a me nā ʻoihana e kū mai ana. hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka uila, ʻoihana petrochemical, metallurgy, mīkini, ikehu hou, ʻoihana māmā, palekana kaiapuni, mahiʻai a pēlā aku. .
I ka makahiki 1983, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Iapana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻa hoʻolālā no nā minerala laha ʻole, a ʻo 83% o kāna mau ʻāina laha ʻole i loaʻa mai Kina.
E nana hou ia Amerika Huipuia, ua lua kona mau aina laha ole ma mua o Kina, aka, o kona mau aina laha ole, he mau aina laha ole ia a pau, ua maheleia i na aina lae kaumaha a me na aina lae mama. He pipiʻi loa nā ʻāina laha ʻole, a ʻaʻole kūpono iaʻu nā ʻāina laha ʻole, i hoʻololi ʻia i mau ʻāina laha ʻole e ka poʻe o ka ʻoihana. ʻO 80% o ka US rare earth imports mai Kina.
Ua ʻōlelo mua ʻo Comrade Deng Xiaoping: "Aia ka aila ma ka Hikina Waena a me nā ʻāina laha ʻole ma Kina." ʻO ka manaʻo o kāna mau ʻōlelo e ʻike pono iā ia iho. ʻAʻole ʻo Rare earth wale nō ka "MSG" pono no nā huahana kiʻekiʻe 1/5 o ka honua, akā he puʻupuʻu kūʻai ikaika hoʻi no Kina ma ka papa kūkākūkā honua i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Mālama a hoʻohana ʻepekema i nā kumuwaiwai honua laha ʻole, ua lilo ia i hoʻolālā aupuni i kāhea ʻia e nā poʻe he nui me nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe i nā makahiki i hala aku nei e pale aku i nā kumu waiwai waiwai nui o ka honua mai ke kūʻai makapō ʻia a lawe ʻia aku i nā ʻāina komohana. I ka makahiki 1992, ua hōʻike maopopo ʻo Deng Xiaoping i ke kūlana o Kina ma ke ʻano he ʻāina nui loa.
Ka papa inoa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i 17 mau ʻāina laha ʻole
Hoʻohana ʻia ka 1 lanthanum i nā mea hoʻohui a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni mahiʻai
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Cerium i ke aniani kaʻa
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo 3 praseodymium i nā puaʻa seramika
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Neodymium i nā mea aerospace
Hāʻawi nā kimebala 5 i ka ikehu kōkua no nā satelite
Hoʻohana ʻia o 6 Samarium ma Atomic Energy Reactor
7 europium hana lens a me ka wai aniani hōʻike
ʻO Gadolinium 8 no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka resonance magnetic
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 9 terbium i ka mea hoʻoponopono ʻēheu mokulele
Hoʻohana ʻia ka 10 erbium i ka laser rangefinder i nā hana kaua
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 11 dysprosium i kumu kukui no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a paʻi
Hoʻohana ʻia ka 12 holmium e hana i nā mea kamaʻilio optical
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 13 thulium no ka hōʻoia ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi
14 ytterbium hoʻohui no ka mea hoʻomanaʻo kamepiula
Ka hoʻohana ʻana o 15 lutetium i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana ikehu
Hana ʻo 16 yttrium i nā uea a me nā ʻāpana ikaika o ka mokulele
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Scandium e hana i nā alloys
ʻO nā kiko'ī penei:
1
Lanthanum (LA)
I ke Kaua Kaiwa, ua lilo ke kiʻi ʻike pō me ka lanthanum element lanthanum i kumu nui o nā tanks US.（palapala ʻikepili)
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Lanthanum i nā mea piezoelectric, electrothermal material, thermoelectric material, magnetoresistive material, luminescent material (blue powder), hydrogen storage material, optical glass, laser material, nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole, etc. He nui nā huahana kemika organik, Ua kapa ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka lanthanum "super calcium" no kona hopena i nā mea kanu.
2
Cerium (CE)
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Cerium ma ke ʻano he catalyst, arc electrode a me ke aniani kūikawā. ʻO ka alloy Cerium ke kūpaʻa i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana jet propulsion.（palapala ʻikepili)
(1) ʻO Cerium, ma ke ʻano he aniani hoʻohui, hiki ke komo i nā kukui ultraviolet a me infrared, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke aniani kaʻa. mai ka makahiki 1997, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka ceria i nā aniani automotive āpau ma Iapana. I ka makahiki 1996, ua hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi o 2000 tons ceria i ke aniani kaʻa, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 tons ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
(2) I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ka cerium i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe kaʻa kaʻa, hiki ke pale pono i ka nui o ke kinoea hoʻokuʻu kaʻa mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i ka lewa. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Cerium ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he hapakolu o ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka honua laha.
(3) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Cerium sulfide i loko o nā puaʻa ma kahi o ke kēpau, cadmium a me nā metala ʻē aʻe e pōʻino i ke kaiapuni a me nā kānaka. Hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia no ka waiho'olu'u 'ana i nā plastics, nā uhi, ka 'īnika a me nā 'oihana pepa. I kēia manawa, 'o ka hui alaka'i 'o French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: ʻO ka ʻōnaehana laser LiSAF kahi laser paʻa i hoʻomohala ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i nā mea kaua olaola a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka nānā ʻana i ka tryptophan concentration. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Cerium ma nā kula he nui. Loaʻa i nā palapala noi honua ʻokoʻa ka cerium. E like me ka pauka polishing, nā mea mālama hydrogen, nā mea thermoelectric, cerium tungsten electrodes, ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, wahie cell raw material, gasoline catalysts, kekahi mau mea magnetic mau, nā mea like ʻole. nā kila a me nā metala non-ferrous.
3
Praseodymium (PR)
Praseodymium neodymium alloy
(1) Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Praseodymium i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā seramika a me nā seramika hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me ka ceramic glaze e hana i ka kala kala, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka underglaze pigment. He melemele māmā ka puaʻa me ke kala maʻemaʻe a nani.
(2) Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā magnet mau loa. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka praseodymium a me ka metala neodymium ma kahi o ka metala Neodymium maʻemaʻe e hana i nā mea magnet mau loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona kūpaʻa oxygen a me nā waiwai mechanical, a hiki ke hana ʻia i loko o nā magnets o nā ʻano like ʻole. hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻenehana uila like ʻole a me nā kaʻa.
(3) Hoʻohana ʻia i ka petroleum catalytic cracking. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana, ka koho a me ke kūpaʻa o ka catalyst ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka praseodymium a me ka neodymium i hoʻonui ʻia i loko o Y zeolite molecular sieve e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka petroleum cracking catalyst. a ke mahuahua nei ka ai ana.
(4) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Praseodymium no ka polishing abrasive. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka praseodymium i ka māla fiber optical.
4
Neodymium (nd)
No ke aha e ʻike mua ʻia ai ka pahu M1? Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka pahu me kahi Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, hiki ke hōʻea i kahi ākea o kahi kokoke i 4000 mika i ka lā mālamalama.（palapala ʻikepili)
Me ka hānau ʻana o praseodymium, ua puka mai ka neodymium. ʻO ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka neodymium i hoʻāla i ka māla honua laha, hoʻokani i kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka māla honua, a ua hoʻoikaika i ka mākeke honua.
Ua lilo ʻo Neodymium i wahi wela ma ka mākeke no nā makahiki he nui ma muli o kona kūlana kūʻokoʻa ma ke kahua o nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea hoʻohana nui loa o ka metala neodymium ʻo ia ka NdFeB mau mea magnet paʻa. ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o NdFeB mau mākēneki mau i hoʻokomo i ke ola hou i loko o ke kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. Kapa ʻia ʻo NdFeB magnet "ke aliʻi o nā magnet mau loa" no kāna huahana ikehu magnetic kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hoʻomohala kūleʻa o Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer e hōʻike ana ua komo nā waiwai magnetic o NdFeB magnet ma Kina i ka pae honua. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Neodymium i nā mea non-ferrous. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 1.5-2.5% neodymium i loko o ka magnesium a i ʻole ke alumini alumini hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ka paʻa ʻana o ka ea a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ka alloy.Hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā mea aerospace. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka neodymium-doped yttrium alumini garnet e hoʻopuka i ka kukuna laser pōkole, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka wili a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea lahilahi me ka mānoanoa ma lalo o 10mm i ka ʻoihana. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Nd: YAG laser no ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻokiʻoki a i ʻole ka disinfect i nā ʻeha ma kahi o ka scalpel. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Neodymium no ke kala kala a me nā mea seramika a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui no nā huahana lāʻau.
5
Trollium (Pm)
ʻO Thulium kahi mea radioactive artificial i hana ʻia e nā reactor nuklea (palapala ʻikepili)
(1) hiki ke hoʻohana ma ke ʻano he kumu wela. Hāʻawi i ka ikehu kōkua no ka ʻike ʻana i ka vacuum a me ka satellite artificial.
(2) Hoʻopuka ʻo Pm147 i nā kukui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā pihi kimebala. E like me ka lako mana o nā mea kani alakaʻi missile a me nā uaki. He liʻiliʻi ka nui o kēia ʻano pākaukau a hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia no kekahi mau makahiki. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka promethium i ka mea kani X-ray portable, hoʻomākaukau i ka phosphor, ana mānoanoa a me ke kukui kukui.
6
Samarium (Sm)
Metala samarium (palapala ʻikepili)
He melemele māmā ʻo Sm, a ʻo ia ka mea maka o Sm-Co mau mākēneki mau, a ʻo Sm-Co ka mākēneki honua mua loa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻoihana. ʻElua ʻano o nā magnet mau loa: ʻōnaehana SmCo5 a me Sm2Co17 ʻōnaehana. I nā makahiki 1970 mua, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana SmCo5, a ua hana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana Sm2Co17 i ka wā ma hope. I kēia manawa ua hāʻawi mua ʻia ke koi o ka hope. ʻAʻole pono ke kiʻekiʻe loa ka maʻemaʻe o ka samarium oxide i hoʻohana ʻia i ka magnet samarium cobalt. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ke kumukūʻai, hoʻohana nui ma kahi o 95% o nā huahana. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka samarium oxide i nā capacitors seramika a me nā catalysts. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ka samarium nā waiwai nuklea, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea hana, nā mea pale a me nā mea hoʻomalu no nā reactors atomic ikehu, i hiki ke hoʻohana palekana ʻia ka ikehu nui i hana ʻia e ka nuclear fission.
7
Europium (Eu)
ʻO ka pauka Europium oxide (palapala ʻikepili)
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Europium oxide no nā phosphors (palapala ʻikepili)
I ka makahiki 1901, ua ʻike ʻo Eugene-AntoleDemarcay i kahi mea hou mai "samarium", i kapa ʻia ʻo Europium. Ua kapa ʻia paha kēia ma muli o ka huaʻōlelo ʻEulopa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Europium oxide no ka pauka fluorescent. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Eu3+ ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu o ka phosphor ʻulaʻula, a ʻo Eu2+ ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka phosphor polū. I kēia manawa, ʻo Y2O2S: ʻO Eu3 + ka phosphor maikaʻi loa i ka pono luminous, ka paʻa o ka uhi a me ke kumukūʻai recycling. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Europium oxide e like me ka stimulated emission phosphor no ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia olakino X-ray hou i nā makahiki i hala. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Europium oxide no ka hana ʻana i nā lens kala a me nā kānana optical, no nā mea hoʻopaʻa pahu magnetic, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i kāna mau talena i nā mea hoʻomalu, nā mea pale a me nā mea hana o nā reactors atomic.
8
Gadolinium (Gd)
ʻO Gadolinium a me kāna mau isotopes ka mea hoʻopale neutron maikaʻi loa a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea pale o nā reactors nuklea. (palapala ʻikepili)
(1) Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hōʻailona kiʻi NMR o ke kino kanaka i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
(2) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kona sulfur oxide e like me ka matrix grid o ka oscilloscope tube a me ka pale X-ray me ka ʻōlinolino kūikawā.
(3) ʻO Gadolinium i loko o Gadolinium Gallium Garnet kahi substrate hoʻokahi kūpono no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana.
(4) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe magnetic paʻa me ka palena ʻole o ka pōʻai Camot.
(5) Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea paʻa e hoʻomalu i ka pae hopena o ke kaulahao o nā mea kanu nuklea e hōʻoia i ka palekana o nā hopena nuklea.
(6) Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he additive o ka samarium cobalt magnet e hōʻoia i ka loli ʻole o ka hana me ka mahana.
9
Terbium (Tb)
ʻO ka pauka Terbium oxide (palapala ʻikepili)
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka terbium ka hapa nui o ke kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia kahi papahana ʻokiʻoki me ka ʻenehana-koʻikoʻi a me ka ʻike-koʻikoʻi, a me kahi papahana me nā pōmaikaʻi waiwai kupaianaha, me nā manaʻo hoʻomohala hoihoi.
(1) Hoʻohana ʻia nā Phosphors e like me nā mea hoʻoulu o ka pauka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko o nā phosphors tricolor, e like me ka terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix a me ka terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, ka mea a pau e hoʻopuka i nā kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ke kūlana hauʻoli.
(2) Nā mea mālama Magneto-optical. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻea nā mea terbium magneto-optical i ka nui o ka hana nui. Hoʻohana ʻia nā disks Magneto-optical i hana ʻia me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni amorphous Tb-Fe e like me nā mea mālama kamepiula, a hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki ke mālama ʻia e 10 ~ 15 mau manawa.
(3) ʻO ke aniani Magneto-optical, terbium-containing Faraday rotatory glass ka mea nui no ka hana ʻana i nā rotators, isolators a me annulators i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻenehana laser. ʻO ka mea nui, ua wehe ka hoʻomohala ʻana o TerFenol i kahi noi hou o Terfenol, kahi mea hou i ʻike ʻia ma 1970s. ʻO ka hapalua o kēia'āpana he terbium a me ka dysprosium, i kekahi manawa me ka holmium aʻo ke koena he hao. Ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Terfenol i loko o kahi māla magnetic, ʻoi aku ka loli o kona nui ma mua o nā mea magnetic maʻamau, hiki ke hana i kekahi mau neʻe mechanical pololei. ʻO Terbium dysprosium hao ka mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia i ka sonar i ka mua, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kula he nui i kēia manawa.
10
Dy (Dy)
Metal dysprosium (palapala ʻikepili)
(1) Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui o NdFeB mau magnet, hoʻohui ʻia ma kahi o 2 ~ 3% dysprosium i kēia magnet hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ikaika koi. I ka wā ma mua, ʻaʻole nui ka noi no ka dysprosium, akā me ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi o NdFeB magnets, ua lilo ia i mea hoʻohui pono, a ʻo ka papa ma kahi o 95 ~ 99.9%, a ua piʻi wikiwiki hoʻi ka noi.
(2) Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Dysprosium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu o ka phosphor. ʻO Trivalent dysprosium kahi ion hoʻōla hoʻohiki o nā mea luminescent tricolor me kahi kikowaena luminescent hoʻokahi. Loaʻa ka nui o nā pūʻulu hoʻokuʻu ʻelua, hoʻokahi ka hoʻokuʻu kukui melemele, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu kukui polū. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea luminescent doped me dysprosium e like me tricolor phosphors.
(3) ʻO Dysprosium kahi mea metala pono no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka alloy Terfenol i ka alloy magnetostrictive, hiki ke ʻike i kekahi mau hana pololei o ka neʻe mechanical. (4) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka metala Dysprosium ma ke ʻano he mea mālama magneto-optical me ka wikiwiki hoʻopaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka naʻau heluhelu.
(5) Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kukui dysprosium, ʻo ka mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kukui dysprosium he dysprosium iodide, nona nā mea maikaʻi o ke kukui kiʻekiʻe, ke kala maikaʻi, ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kala kala, ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ka paʻa arc a pēlā aku, a ua hoʻohana ʻia. he kumu kukui no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka paʻi ʻana.
(6) Hoʻohana ʻia ka Dysprosium no ke ana ʻana i ka spectrum ikehu neutron a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he neutron absorber i loko o ka ʻoihana ikehu atomic ma muli o ka nui o kāna neutron hopu cross-sectional.
(7) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Dy3Al5O12 ma ke ʻano he mea hana magnetic no ka refrigeration magnetic. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, e hoʻonui mau ʻia nā papa noi o dysprosium.
11
Holmium (Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy (palapala ʻikepili)
I kēia manawa, pono e hoʻomohala hou ʻia ke kahua noi o ka hao, a ʻaʻole nui ka hoʻohana ʻana. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻohana ka Rare Earth Research Institute o Baotou Steel i ka ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻomohala i ka metala maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe Qin Ho /> RE> 99.9% me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā haumia honua ʻole.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā laka:
(1) Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui o ke kukui halogen metala, ʻo ke kukui halogen metala ke ʻano o ke kukui hoʻokuʻu kinoea, i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke kumu o ke kukui mercury kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kona ʻano ʻo ia ka hoʻopiha ʻana o ka pā i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka honua halides. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā iodide honua, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā laina spectral ʻokoʻa ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kinoea. ʻO ka mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kukui hao ʻo qiniodide, Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻātoma metala ma ka ʻāpana arc, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka pono radiation.
(2) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hao ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hao a i ʻole piliona alumini garnet
(3) Khin-doped alumini garnet (Ho: YAG) hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka laser 2um, a ʻo ka helu absorption o ka laser 2um e nā ʻiʻo kanaka he kiʻekiʻe, aneane ʻekolu mau kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ka Hd: YAG. No laila, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laser Ho: YAG no ka hana lapaʻau, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ka maikaʻi o ka hana a me ka pololei, akā e hōʻemi pū i ka wahi pōʻino wela i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Hiki i ka lāʻau manuahi i hana ʻia e ke aniani laka hiki ke hoʻopau i ka momona me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wela nui, I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka pōʻino wela i nā ʻiʻo olakino, ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka w-laser treatment of glaucoma ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke hōʻemi i ka ʻeha o ka ʻoki. ʻO ka 2um laser crystal ma Kina ua hiki i ka pae honua, no laila pono e hoʻomohala a hana i kēia ʻano kristal laser.
(4) Hiki ke hoʻohui pū ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o Cr i loko o ka magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D e hōʻemi i ka māla waho i koi ʻia no ka magnetization saturation.
(5) Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hao doped fiber e hana i ka fiber laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor a me nā mea kamaʻilio optical ʻē aʻe, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana nui i ka kamaʻilio fiber optical wikiwiki i kēia lā.
12
Erbium (ER)
ʻO ka pauka Erbium oxide (ka palapala ʻike)
(1) He koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka hoʻokuʻu māmā ʻana o Er3 + ma 1550nm, no ka mea, aia kēia hawewe i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka fiber optical i ke kamaʻilio fiber optical. Ma hope o ka hauʻoli e 980nm a me 1480nm kukui, ka maunu ion (Er3 +) transits mai ka honua moku'āina 4115 / 2 i ka kiʻekiʻe-ikaika moku'āina 4I13 / 2. I ka Er3 + i loko o ka kiʻekiʻe-ikaika moku'āina transitions hoʻi i ka honua moku'āina. hoʻopuka ia i ka mālamalama 1550nm. Hiki i ka quartz fiber ke hoʻouna i ka māmā o nā hawewe like ʻole, akā naʻe, ʻo ka optical attenuation rate o 1550nm band ka haʻahaʻa loa (0.15 dB / km), kahi kokoke i ka palena haʻahaʻa attenuation rate. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e like me ke kukui hōʻailona ma 1550 nm. Ma kēia ʻano, inā hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻike kūpono o ka maunu i loko o ka matrix kūpono, hiki i ka amplifier ke uku i ka lilo i loko o ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio e like me ke kumu laser, No laila, i ka ʻoihana kelepona e pono ai e hoʻonui i ka hōʻailona optical 1550nm, ʻo ka maunu doped fiber amplifier he mea pono pono. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka maunu doped silica fiber amplifier. Ua hōʻike ʻia i mea e pale aku ai i ka absorption pono ʻole, ʻo ka nui o ka doped i loko o ka fiber optical he ʻumi a haneli mau ppm. .
(2) (2) Eia kekahi, ʻo ka maunu doped laser crystal a me kāna huahana 1730nm laser a me 1550nm laser ka palekana i nā maka kanaka, maikaʻi ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka lewa, hiki ke komo ikaika i ka uahi kahua kaua, palekana maikaʻi, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke ʻike ʻia e ka ʻenemi, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka radiation o nā pahuhopu koa he nui. Ua hana ʻia ia i mea hoʻohana ʻia i ka laser rangefinder i palekana no nā maka kanaka i ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa.
(3) (3) Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Er3 + i loko o ke aniani e hana i nā mea laser aniani honua, ʻo ia ka mea laser paʻa me ka ikehu pulse puka nui a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa.
(4) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Er3 + ma ke ʻano he ion ikaika i nā mea laser upconversion honua.
(5) (5) Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka maunu no ka decolorization a me ke kala o nā aniani aniani a me ke aniani aniani.
13
Thulium (TM)
Ma hope o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻia ʻana i loko o kahi reactor nuklea, hoʻopuka ka thulium i kahi isotope hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka X-ray, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu X-ray portable.（palapala ʻikepili)
(1)TM hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke kumu kukuna o ka mīkini X-ray portable. Ma hope o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻia ʻana i ka reactor nuklea,TMhana i kahi ʻano isotope hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka X-ray, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka irradiator koko lawe lima. Hiki i kēia ʻano radiometer ke hoʻololi i ka yu-169 i lokoTM-170 ma lalo o ka hana o ke kukui kiʻekiʻe a me ka waena, a hoʻomālamalama i ka X-ray e hoʻomālamalama i ke koko a hoʻemi i ke koko keʻokeʻo. ʻO kēia mau keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka mea e hōʻole ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kino, i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hōʻole mua ʻana o nā kino.
(2) (2)TMHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka maʻi maʻi a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ma muli o kona pili kiʻekiʻe no ka ʻiʻo tumora, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka honua ma mua o ka honua māmā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pili o Yu.
(3) (3) Hoʻohana ʻia ka X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (blue) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka phosphor o X-ray sensitization screen e hoʻonui ai i ka naʻau optical, no laila e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻike a me ka pōʻino o ka X-ray i nā kānaka × ʻO 50% ka nui o ka radiation, he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka noi olakino.
(4) (4) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kukui halide metala i mea hoʻohui i ke kumu kukui hou.
(5) (5) Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Tm3 + i loko o ke aniani e hana ai i nā mea laser aniani honua, ʻo ia ka mea paʻa-state laser me ka pulse puka nui loa a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa. o nā mea laser hoʻololi hou honua.
14
Ytterbium (Yb)
Ytterbium metala (palapala ʻikepili)
(1) E like me ka thermal shielding material.The results show that mirror can improve corrosion resistance of electrodeposited zinc coating obviously, and the grain size of coating with mirror is little than that of coating without mirror.
(2) E like me ka magnetostrictive material.This mea i loaʻa i nā 'ano o ka nunui magnetostriction, 'o ia hoʻi, ka hoʻonui 'ana i ka magnetic field.ʻO ka huila ka mea nui i hakuʻia me ke aniani / ferrite alloy a me ka dysprosium / ferrite alloy, a me kekahi hapa o ka manganese i hoʻohuiʻia e hana. ka hoʻohāiki nui.
(3) Mea aniani i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana kaomi. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka naʻau o ka mea aniani i loko o ke ʻano kaomi calibrated, e wehe ana i kahi ala hou no ka noi ʻana o ke aniani i ke ana kaomi.
(4) Hoʻopiha i ka resina no nā lua o nā mola e pani ai i ka amalgam kālā i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka wā ma mua.
(5) Ua hoʻopau maikaʻi nā haumāna Kepani i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke aniani-doped vanadium baht garnet embedded line waveguide laser, kahi mea nui i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka ʻenehana laser. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke aniani no ka mea hoʻoulu i ka pauka fluorescent, radio ceramics, electronic computer memory element (magnetic bubble) additive, glass fiber flux a optical glass additive, etc.
15
Lutetium (Lu)
Lutetium oxide pauda (palapala ʻikepili)
Yttrium lutetium silicate crystal (palapala ʻikepili)
(1) hana i kekahi mau wili kūikawā. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka alumini alumini lutetium no ka nānā ʻana i ka neutron activation.
(2) Stable lutetium nuclides pāʻani i ka catalytic hana i ka petroleum māhā, alkylation, hydrogenation a me ka polymerization.
(3) Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o yttrium iron a i ʻole yttrium alumini garnet ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kekahi mau waiwai.
(4) Nā mea maka o ka waihona puʻupuʻu magnetic.
(5) He aniani hana hoʻohuihui, lutetium-doped aluminika yttrium neodymium tetraborate, no ka ʻenehana ʻenehana o ka hoʻonā paʻakai hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka ulu aniani. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka kristal NYAB lutetium-doped ma mua o ka kristal NYAB i ka like ʻana o ka optical a me ka hana laser.
(6) Ua ʻike ʻia he hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka lutetium i ka hōʻike electrochromic a me nā semiconductors molekala haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka lutetium i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana ikehu a me ka mea hana o ka phosphor.
16
Yttrium (y)
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Yttrium, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka yttrium alumini garnet ma ke ʻano he laser, hoʻohana ʻia ka yttrium iron garnet no ka ʻenehana microwave a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu acoustic, a hoʻohana ʻia ka europium-doped yttrium vanadate a me ka europium-doped yttrium oxide e like me nā phosphors no nā keʻena TV kala. (palapala ʻikepili)
(1) Nā mea hoʻohui no ke kila a me nā mea haoʻole. Loaʻa i ka FeCr alloy ka 0.5-4% yttrium, hiki ke hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa oxidation a me ka ductility o kēia mau kila kila; Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai piha o MB26 alloy ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui kūpono o ka yttrium-rich mixed rare earth, hiki ke hoʻololi i kekahi mau alumini alumini ikaika a hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka mokulele. Hoʻohui i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o ka yttrium-rich earth rare i loko o ka Al-Zr alloy, Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka conductivity o ia alloy; Ua lawe ʻia ka alloy e ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana uea ma Kina. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka yttrium i loko o ke keleawe keleawe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka conductivity a me ka ikaika mechanical.
(2) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea silikon nitride ceramic me 6% yttrium a me 2% alumini no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāpana mīkini.
(3) ʻO ka Nd: Y: Al: Hoʻohana ʻia ke kukui laser Garnet me ka mana o 400 watts e wili, ʻoki a wili i nā mea nui.
(4) ʻO ka pale microscope electron i haku ʻia me ka Y-Al garnet single crystal he kiʻekiʻe fluorescence olinolino, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kukui hoʻopuehu, a maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa mīkini.
(5) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka yttrium structural alloy kiʻekiʻe me 90% yttrium i ka mokulele a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe e koi ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 kiʻekiʻe-mehana proton conductive mea, e ume nui noonoo i keia manawa, he mea nui koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā wahie, electrolytic cell a me nā mea ʻike kinoea e koi ana i ka solubility kiʻekiʻe hydrogen. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka yttrium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe, kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe no ka wahie atomic reactor, kahi mea hoʻohui no nā mea magnetic mau, a me kahi mea e loaʻa ai i ka ʻoihana uila.
17
Scandium (Sc)
Metala scandium (palapala ʻikepili)
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea yttrium a me ka lanthanide, loaʻa i ka scandium kahi radius ionic liʻiliʻi a me kahi alkalinity nāwaliwali loa o ka hydroxide. No laila, ke hui pū ʻia nā mea scandium a me nā mea ʻokoʻa honua, e kahe mua ka scandium ke mālama ʻia me ka amonia (a i ʻole ka alkali dilute loa), no laila hiki ke maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā mea o ka honua ma ke ʻano o ka "fractional precipitation". ʻO kekahi ala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka decomposition polarization o ka nitrate no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
Hiki ke loaʻa iā Sc ma ka electrolysis. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo ScCl3, KCl a me LiCl i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe scandium, a hoʻohana ʻia ka zinc i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano he cathode no ka electrolysis, no laila e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka scandium ma ka electrode zinc, a laila e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka zinc no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka scandium. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ka scandium i ka wā e hoʻoili ai i ka ʻaila e hana i nā mea uranium, thorium a me lanthanide. ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi piha ʻana o ka scandium pili mai ka tungsten a me ka tin ore kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka scandium. ʻO Scandium ka maia wale nō ma ke ʻano trivalent i loko o ka pūhui, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i Sc2O3 i ka lewa a nalowale kona ʻulaʻula metala a lilo i hina ʻeleʻele.
ʻO nā hoʻohana nui o ka scandium:
(1) Hiki i ka Scandium ke hana me ka wai wela e hoʻokuʻu i ka hydrogen, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waikawa, no laila he mea hoʻemi ikaika ia.
(2) He alkaline wale nō ka Scandium oxide a me ka hydroxide, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kona lehu paʻakai. ʻO Scandium chloride he aniani keʻokeʻo, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a me ka deliquescent i ka lewa. (3) I loko o ka ʻoihana metallurgical, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka scandium e hana i nā alloys (nā mea hoʻohui o nā alloys) e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, ka pale ʻana i ka wela a me ka hana ʻana o nā alloys. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi scandium liʻiliʻi i ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā waiwai o ka hao, ʻoiai ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi scandium liʻiliʻi i ka alumini hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ikaika a me ka pale wela.
(4) I ka ʻoihana uila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka scandium e like me nā mea semiconductor like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka scandium sulfite i nā semiconductor ua hoihoi i ka nānā ʻana ma ka home a ma waho, a ʻo ka ferrite i loaʻa i ka scandium ke hoʻohiki nei hoʻi i loko.nā koʻikoʻi magnetic computer.
(5) I loko o ka ʻoihana kemika, hoʻohana ʻia ka scandium compound e like me ka dehydrogenation waiʻona a me ka dehydration agent, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoikaika kūpono no ka hana ʻana o ka ethylene a me ka chlorine mai ka waika hydrochloric ʻōpala.
(6) I ka ʻoihana aniani, hiki ke hana ʻia nā aniani kūikawā i loaʻa i ka scandium.
(7) I loko o ka ʻoihana kukui uila, scandium a me nā kukui sodium i hana ʻia me ka scandium a me ka sodium i nā mea maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe a me ke kala kukui maikaʻi.
(8) Loaʻa ka Scandium ma ke ʻano o 45Sc ma ke ʻano. Eia kekahi, aia ʻeiwa radioactive isotopes o Scandium, ʻo ia hoʻi 40 ~ 44Sc a me 46 ~ 49Sc. I waena o lākou, 46Sc, ma ke ʻano he tracer, ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana kemika, metallurgy a me ka moana. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, aia kekahi poʻe ma waho e aʻo ana e hoʻohana ana i ka 46Sc e mālama i ka maʻi kanesa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-04-2022