Erbium, ʻo ka 68th element ma ka papaʻaina manawa.
Ka loaa ana oerbiumpiha i na wiliwili. I ka makahiki 1787, ma ke kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi o Itby, 1.6 mau kilomita mai Stockholm, Suedena, ua ʻike ʻia he honua laha hou i loko o ka pōhaku ʻeleʻele, i kapa ʻia ʻo yttrium earth e like me ka wahi i loaʻa ai. Ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli Palani, ua hoʻohana ʻo chemist Mossander i ka ʻenehana hou i kūkulu ʻia e hōʻemi i ka elementalyttriummai ka honua yttrium. I kēia manawa, ʻike ka poʻe ʻaʻole ʻo ka honua yttrium he "mea hoʻokahi" a loaʻa i ʻelua mau oxides ʻē aʻe: kapa ʻia ka poni.erbium oxide, a ua kapa ʻia ka poni ʻulaʻula ʻo terbium oxide. I ka makahiki 1843, ua ʻike ʻo Mossander i ka erbium a mehoʻopaʻapaʻa, akā, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i manaʻo he maʻemaʻe nā mea ʻelua i loaʻa a hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike mālie nā kānaka he nui maoli nā mea i hui pū ʻia i loko, a loaʻa mālie nā mea metala lanthanide ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka erbium a me ka terbium.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ke aʻo ʻana i ka erbium e like me kona ʻike ʻana. ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻo Maussand i ka erbium oxide ʻulaʻula i ka makahiki 1843, ʻaʻole hiki i ka makahiki 1934 nā laʻana maʻemaʻe.metala erbiumua unuhi ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Ma ka hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeerbium chloridea me ka pāpaʻa, ua hoʻokō nā kānaka i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka erbium e ka potassium metala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻano like loa nā waiwai o ka erbium me nā mea metala lanthanide ʻē aʻe, e hopena i kahi kokoke i 50 mau makahiki o ka stagnation i ka noiʻi pili, e like me ka magnetism, friction energy, a me ka hana spark. A hiki i ka makahiki 1959, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana uila 4f layer kūikawā o nā erbium atoms i nā māla optical e puka mai ana, ua loaʻa ka erbium i ka nānā a ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā noi he nui o ka erbium.
ʻO Erbium, keʻokeʻo kālā, he ʻano palupalu a hōʻike wale i ka ferromagnetism ikaika kokoke i ka ʻole. He superconductor a ua hoʻoheheʻe lohi ʻia e ka ea a me ka wai ma ke ana wela.Erbium oxidehe kala ʻulaʻula rose i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka ʻoihana porcelain a he aniani maikaʻi. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Erbium i nā pōhaku lua pele a loaʻa nā waihona mineral nui ma ka hema o Kina.
Loaʻa iā Erbium nā waiwai optical a hiki ke hoʻololi i ka infrared i ʻike ʻia, e lilo ia i mea kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻike infrared a me nā mea ʻike pō. He mea hana akamai i ka ʻike photon, hiki ke hoʻomau i nā kiʻi kiʻi ma o nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ion excitation i loko o ka paʻa, a laila ʻike a helu i kēia mau kiʻi e hana i kahi mea ʻike photon. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i kiʻekiʻe ka maikaʻi o ka lawe pololei ʻana o nā kiʻi e nā trivalent erbium ion. ʻAʻole hiki i ka makahiki 1966 ka poʻe ʻepekema i hoʻomohala i nā laser erbium ma o ka hopu ʻana i nā hōʻailona optical ma o nā ion kōkua a laila hoʻololi i ka ikehu i ka erbium.
Ua like ke kumu o ka laser erbium me ka laser holmium, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona ikehu ma mua o ka laser holmium. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi laser erbium me kahi hawewe nalu o 2940 nanometers e ʻoki i ka ʻiʻo palupalu. ʻOiai ʻo kēia ʻano laser ma waena o ka ʻāina infrared he maikaʻi ʻole ke komo ʻana, hiki ke hoʻopili koke ʻia e ka makū i loko o nā ʻiʻo kanaka, e loaʻa ana nā hopena maikaʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu. Hiki iā ia ke ʻoki liʻiliʻi, wili, a wehe i nā ʻiʻo palupalu, hiki ke hoʻōla wikiwiki. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā ʻokiʻoki laser e like me ka waha waha, ka cataract keʻokeʻo, ka nani, ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻili, a me ka wehe ʻana i ka wrinkle.
I ka makahiki 1985, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ke Kulanui o Southampton ma UK a me Northeastern University ma Iapana i kahi mea hoʻonui fiber erbium-doped. I kēia mau lā, hiki iā Wuhan Optics Valley ma Wuhan, Hubei Province, Kina ke hana kūʻokoʻa i kēia erbium-doped fiber amplifier a lawe aku i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻEulopa, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia noi kekahi o nā mea hana nui loa i ka kamaʻilio fiber optic, ʻoiai ka lōʻihi o kahi hapa o ka erbium i doped, hiki iā ia ke uku no ka nalowale o nā hōʻailona optical i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio. ʻO kēia amplifier ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke kamaʻilio fiber optic, hiki ke hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona optical me ka nāwaliwali ʻole.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-16-2023