Māhele 56: Barium

1 、 Hoʻolauna ElementalBarium,
Aia ka mea metala lepo alkaline, me ka hōʻailona kemika Ba, i loko o ka Pūʻulu IIA o ka manawa ʻeono o ka papaʻaina. He metala lepo ʻeleʻele keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a me ka mea ikaika loa i nā metala honua alkaline. No ka huaʻōlelo Helene beta alpha ρύς (barys), ʻo ia hoʻi, "kaumaha".

2、 ʻIke ʻana i kahi moʻolelo pōkole
Hōʻike nā Sulfides o nā metala honua alkaline i ka phosphorescence, ʻo ia hoʻi ke hoʻomau nei lākou i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka mālamalama no kekahi manawa i ka pōʻeleʻele ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka mālamalama. Ua hoʻomaka nā pūhui Barium e huki i ka nānā ʻana o nā kānaka ma muli o kēia ʻano. I ka makahiki 1602, ua kalua kekahi kanaka hana kamaa nona ka inoa o Casio Lauro ma ke kulanakauhale o Bologna, Italia, i ka barite me ka barium sulfate me na mea hiki ke puhi i ka malamalama i ka pouli, a ua hoala mai ka manao o ka poe naauao ia manawa. Ma hope mai, ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano pōhaku i ka polonite a ua hoʻāla i ka hoihoi o ka poʻe chemist ʻEulopa i ka noiʻi analytical. I ka makahiki 1774, ua ʻike ʻo CW Scheele ka mea kemika Suedena he lepo koʻikoʻi hou ka barium oxide, a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "Baryta" (kahi lepo kaumaha). I ka makahiki 1774, ua manaʻo ʻo Scheler he hui kēia pōhaku i ka lepo hou (oxide) a me ka sulfuric acid. I ka makahiki 1776, ua wela ʻo ia i ka nitrate i loko o kēia lepo hou e loaʻa ai ka lepo maʻemaʻe (oxide). I ka makahiki 1808, ua hoʻohana ʻo H. Davy ke kāmeka Pelekane i ka mercury ma ke ʻano he cathode a me ka platinum ma ke anode e electrolyze barite (BaSO4) e hana ai i ka barium amalgam. Ma hope o ka distillation e wehe i ka mercury, ua loaʻa kahi metala maʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa a kapa ʻia ma muli o ka huaʻōlelo Helene barys (kaumaha). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hōʻailona element e like me Ba, i kapa ʻiabarium.

3、 Na waiwai kino
Bariumhe metala keokeo kala me ka helu hehee o 725 ° C, boiling point o 1846 ° C, density o 3.51g/cm3, a me ka ductility. ʻO nā ores nui o ka barium he barite a me arsenopyrite.

4 、Bariumhe mea kemika me ka waiwai kemika.
ʻO ka hōʻailona kemika Ba, helu ʻātoma 56, no ka pūʻulu IIA ʻōnaehana manawa a he lālā ia o nā metala honua alkaline. He hana kemika nui ka Barium a ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi loa ma waena o nā metala honua alkaline. Mai ka ikehu a me ka ionization, hiki ke ʻike ʻia he ikaika ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka barium. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, inā e noʻonoʻo wale i ka nalowale o ka electron mua, ʻo ka barium ka ikaika loa o ka reducibility i ka wai. Eia naʻe, he mea paʻakikī no ka barium e nalowale i ka lua electron. No laila, i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā mea āpau, e emi nui ka reducibility o ka barium. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ia kekahi o nā metala reactive i loko o nā hopena waikawa, ʻelua wale nō i ka lithium, cesium, rubidium, a me ka potassium.

5.Main hui
1). ʻO ka barium oxide ka oxidize mālie i ka ea e hana i ka barium oxide, ʻo ia kahi aniani cubic kala ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waika, hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka acetone a me ka wai amonia. Hoʻopili me ka wai e hana i ka barium hydroxide, he mea ʻawaʻawa. Ke puhi ʻia, hoʻopuka ia i ka lapalapa ʻōmaʻomaʻo a hoʻopuka i ka barium peroxide.
2). Hoʻopili ka Barium peroxide me ka sulfuric acid e hana i ka hydrogen peroxide. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hopena ma ke kumu o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hydrogen peroxide i loko o ka hale hana.
3). Hoʻopili ka Barium hydroxide me ka wai e hana i ka barium hydroxide a me ke kinoea hydrogen. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka barium hydroxide a me kona ikehu sublimation kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ikaika ka hopena e like me nā metala alkali, a ʻo ka hopena barium hydroxide e hūnā i ka ʻike. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻāpana kalapona kalapona liʻiliʻi i loko o ka hoʻonā e hana i ka barium carbonate precipitate, a hoʻokomo hou ʻia ke kalapona kalapona keu e hoʻoheheʻe i ka barium carbonate precipitate a hoʻohua i ka barium bicarbonate soluble.
4). Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka amino barium i loko o ka ammonia wai, e hana ana i kahi hopena polū me ka paramagnetism a me ka conductivity, ka mea i hana maoli i nā electrons ammonia. Ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana, e hoʻemi ʻia ka hydrogen i loko o ka amonia i ke kinoea hydrogen e nā electrons ammonia, a ʻo ka huina holoʻokoʻa he barium reacting me ka ammonia wai e hana ai i ka barium amino a me ke kinoea hydrogen.
5). ʻO ka Barium sulfite he aniani keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ka pauka, ʻawaʻawa, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka barium sulfate ke kau ʻia i ka ea. E hoʻoheheʻe i loko o nā ʻakika ikaika non oxidizing e like me ka waika hydrochloric e hoʻohua ai i ke kinoea sulfur dioxide me kahi ʻala ʻala. I ka wā e hālāwai ai me nā waikawa oxidizing e like me ka dilute nitric acid, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i barium sulfate.
6). Loaʻa i ka Barium sulfate nā waiwai kemika paʻa, a ʻo ka hapa o ka barium sulfate i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai ua hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia, e lilo ia i electrolyte ikaika. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Barium sulfate i ka waika nitric dilute. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he gastrointestinal contrast agent.
ʻO ka Barium carbonate he mea ʻawaʻawa a aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai anuanu, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai i loaʻa ka carbon dioxide a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waika hydrochloric dilute. Hoʻopili ʻo ia me ka sodium sulfate e hoʻohua ai i kahi wai keʻokeʻo hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka barium sulfate - ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā precipitates i loko o ka wai wai: he maʻalahi ke hoʻohuli i kahi ʻaoʻao hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi.

6、 Nā kahua noi
1. Hoʻohanaʻia ia no nāʻoihanaʻoihana i ka hanaʻana i nā paʻakai barium, nā paʻakai, nā mea ahi, nā mea hoʻolālā nukili, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea hoʻohui, me ke alakaʻi, calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, aluminika, a me nā nickel alloys. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka metala Barium ma ke ʻano he degassing agent e hoʻoneʻe i ke kinoea metala mai nā paipu māmā a me nā paipu kukui cathode, a me kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā metala. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Barium nitrate i hui pū ʻia me ka potassium chlorate, ka pauka magnesium, a me ka rosin no ka hana ʻana i nā lepa ahi a me ke ahi. Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā pūhui barium hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano he insecticides, e like me ka barium chloride, e kāohi i nā mea kanu like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka brine a me ka wai paila no ka hana electrolytic caustic soda. Hoʻohana pū ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pigments. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻoihana lole a me ka ʻili e like me ka mordant a me ka mea moena no ka siliki hana.
2. ʻO ka Barium sulfate no ka lāʻau lapaʻau he lāʻau kōkua no ka hoʻokolokolo X-ray. ʻO ka pauka keʻokeʻo ʻala ʻole a ʻono ʻole, kahi mea hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻokoʻa maikaʻi i ke kino i ka wā o ka hoʻokolokolo X-ray. ʻAʻole komo ka lāʻau lapaʻau barium sulfate i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoulu i nā hopena maʻi. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā pūhui barium hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me ka barium chloride, barium sulfide, a me ka barium carbonate. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ke kiʻi gastrointestinal, hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi manawa no nā kumu hoʻokolokolo ʻē aʻe

7、 Kaʻina hoʻomākaukau
ʻO ka hana ʻenehana obarium metalaua māhele ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu: ka hana ʻana o ka barium oxide a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela metala (aluminum thermal reduction). Ma 1000-1200 ℃,barium metalahiki ke loaʻa ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka barium oxide me ka alumini metala, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ka distillation ʻā. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻemi wela alumini no ka hana ʻana i ka barium metala: Ma muli o nā ʻano mea like ʻole, aia paha ʻelua mau hopena no ka hoʻemi alumini o ka barium oxide. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike pane ʻana: hiki i nā hopena ʻelua ke hana i kahi barium liʻiliʻi ma 1000-1200 ℃. No laila, pono e hoʻohana ʻia kahi pauma maloʻo no ka hoʻololi mau ʻana i ka mahu barium mai ka wahi pane i ka ʻāpana condensation anuanu i mea e hoʻomau ai ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻākau. ʻO ke koena ma hope o ka hopena he mea ʻawaʻawa a pono e mālama ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana