Pono ka hoʻolālā minerala ʻāina ʻole o ʻAmelika. . . Hoʻokumu ʻia i kekahi mau ʻāina mālama ʻāina o nā ʻano honua laha ʻole, e hoʻomaka hou ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā minerala honua maʻemaʻe ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mea hoʻoikaika hou a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea hoʻoikaika, a me [ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana] e pili ana i ka hana ʻana a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā minerala hou maʻemaʻe hou. Pono mākou i kāu kōkua.-Deputy Secretary of Defense and Defense Ellen Lord, hōʻike mai ka Senate Armed Forces Preparation and Management Support Subcommittee, ʻOkakopa 1, 2020. ʻO ka lā ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana a Ms. ʻO ka hilinaʻi ma Kina. " ʻO ka puka koke ʻana o ka wikiwiki i nā kumuhana i kamaʻilio pinepine ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa ke kahaha i nā poʻe he nui. Wahi a ka poʻe kālaihonua, ʻaʻole kakaikahi ka honua, akā he waiwai lākou. ʻO ka pane i ʻike ʻia he mea pohihihi aia i ka hiki ke komo. Loaʻa iā Rare Earth element (REE) he 17 mau mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea uila a me nā lako pale, a ua ʻike mua ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Eia nō naʻe, ke neʻe mālie nei ka hana ʻana i Kina, kahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai nā kumukūʻai hana, hoʻemi ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni, a me nā haʻawina lokomaikaʻi mai ka ʻāina e hoʻolilo i ka People's Republic of China (PRC) i 97% o ka hana honua. I ka makahiki 1997, ua kūʻai ʻia aku ʻo Magniquench, ka hui honua laha ʻole ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i kahi consortium hoʻopukapuka i alakaʻi ʻia e Archibald Cox (Jr.), ke keiki a ka mea hoʻopiʻi o ka inoa like, ʻo Watergate. Ua hana ka consortium me ʻelua mau hui aupuni o Kina. Hui Metala, Nā Mea Hou o Sanhuan a me China Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation. ʻO ka luna hoʻomalu o Sanhuan, ke keiki wahine a ke alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe ʻo Deng Xiaoping, i lilo i luna o ka hui. Ua pani ʻia ʻo Magniquench ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, neʻe i Kina, a wehe hou ʻia i ka makahiki 2003, e like me ka "Super 863 Program" a Deng Xiaoping, i loaʻa i ka ʻenehana ʻokiʻoki no nā noi koa, me nā "mea exotic." ʻO kēia ka mea i hana ai ʻo Molycorp i mea hana hope loa o ka honua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a hiki i ka hāʻule ʻana i ka makahiki 2015. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻokele Reagan, ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau metallurgists e hopohopo no ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ʻAmelika i nā kumuwaiwai o waho i launa ʻole no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o kāna ʻōnaehana mea kaua (ka hapa nui o ka Soviet Union i kēlā manawa), akā ʻaʻole i hoihoi nui kēia pilikia i ka lehulehu. makahiki 2010. I ka malama o Kepakemapa o ia makahiki, ua kuʻi kekahi moku lawaiʻa Pākē i ʻelua mau moku kiaʻi o Iapana ma ke Kai Kina Hikina i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia. Ua hoʻolaha ke aupuni Iapana i kona manaʻo e hoʻokolokolo i ke kāpena o ka moku lawaiʻa, a ma hope iho ua lawe ke aupuni Kina i kekahi mau hana hoʻopaʻi, me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻāina rare ma Iapana. He hopena pōʻino kēia i ka ʻoihana kaʻa o Iapana, i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā kaʻa haʻahaʻa i hana ʻia e Kina. Ma waena o nā noi ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā mea ʻāina laha ʻole he mea nui loa ia o ka mīkini catalytic converters. Eia naʻe, ke huli mālie nei nā huila o ka WTO hoʻoholo: ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia a hiki i ʻehā makahiki ma hope. Ua hōʻole ke Kuhina o ko nā ʻAina ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻokau ʻana i ka embargo, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana e pono ana ʻo Kina i nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka honua no kāna mau ʻoihana ulu. Ua pololei paha kēia: i ka makahiki 2005, ua kaupalena ʻo Kina i nā mea e hoʻokuʻu aku ai, me ka hopohopo i ka Pentagon e pili ana i ka hemahema o ʻehā mau ʻano mea like ʻole o ka honua (lanthanum, cerium, euro, a me a), ka mea i lohi i ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau mea kaua. ʻO ka make ʻana o Molycorp e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokele naʻauao o ke aupuni Kina. Ua wānana ʻo Molycorp e piʻi nui nā kumukūʻai o ka honua ma hope o ka hanana ʻana ma waena o nā moku lawaiʻa Kina a me ka Japanese Coast Guard i ka makahiki 2010, no laila ua hoʻāla ʻo ia i kahi kālā nui e kūkulu i nā keʻena hana ʻoi loa. Eia naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻomaha ai ke aupuni Kina i nā quotas hoʻokuʻu aku i ka makahiki 2015, ua kaumaha ʻo Molycorp me US $ 1.7 biliona i ka hōʻaiʻē a me ka hapalua o kāna mau mea hana. ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua puka mai ia mai ka hana banekorupa a kūʻai ʻia no $20.5 miliona, he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me $1.7 biliona i ka aie. Ua hoʻopakele ʻia ka hui e kahi consortium, a ua paʻa ʻo China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company i 30% o nā kuleana koho ʻole o ka hui. ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻenehana, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana koho ʻole ʻo ia ke kuleana o Leshan Shenghe ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi hapa o ka loaʻa, a ʻo ka huina o kēia mau waiwai he liʻiliʻi paha, no laila e nīnau paha kekahi poʻe i ke kumu o ka hui. Eia nō naʻe, hāʻawi ʻia ka nui o Leshan Shenghe e pili ana i ka huina i koi ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o 30% o nā ʻāpana, hiki i ka hui ke lawe i kahi pilikia. Eia naʻe, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka mana ma ke ʻano he koho balota. Wahi a kahi palapala Kina i hana ʻia e ka Wall Street Journal, loaʻa iā Leshan Shenghe ke kuleana kūʻokoʻa e kūʻai aku i nā minerala Mountain Pass. I kekahi hihia, e hoʻouna ʻo Molycorp i kāna REE i Kina no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. Eia naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka hiki ʻana o Kina i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole. I loko o kekahi mau pule, ua kipa aku nā poʻe loea Iapana i Mongolia, Vietnam, Australia a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe me nā kumu waiwai koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe o ka honua e nīnau ai. Mai Nowemapa 2010, ua loaʻa ʻo Iapana i kahi ʻaelike hoʻolako no ka wā lōʻihi me ka Hui Lynas o Australia. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ʻo Iapana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki aʻe, a mai kona hoʻonui ʻia ʻana, ua loaʻa iā ia he 30% o kāna mau honua laha ʻole mai Lynas. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua hoʻāʻo ka mokuʻāina ʻo China Nonferrous Metals Mining Group e kūʻai i ka hapa nui o Lynas i hoʻokahi makahiki i hala. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o Kina i ka nui o nā maina honua laha ʻole, manaʻo paha kekahi e hoʻolālā ana ʻo Kina e monopoli i ka mākeke hoʻolako honua a koi. Ua ālai ke aupuni o Australia i ka ʻaelike. No ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua piʻi hou nā mea o ka honua maʻamau i ke kaua kalepa ʻo Sino-US. Ma Mei 2019, ua alakaʻi ke Kakauolelo Nui Kina ʻo Xi Jinping i kahi kipa ākea ākea a hōʻailona nui i ka Jiangxi Rare Earth Mine, i unuhi ʻia he hōʻike o ka mana o kāna aupuni ma Wakinekona. Ua kākau ʻo The People's Daily, ka nūpepa kūhelu o ke Kōmike Kuleana o ka Communist Party o Kina: "Ma kēia ala wale nō e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻōlelo aku ʻaʻole pono ʻo ʻAmelika e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hiki ʻana o Kina e mālama i kāna mau pono hoʻomohala a me nā pono. Hōʻike ka poʻe nānā, "Mai ʻōlelo ʻaʻole mākou i ʻōlelo aʻo. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "ʻoe" e hoʻohana wale ʻia e ka media official i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi loa, e like me ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Kina iā Vietnam i 1978 a i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa palena 2017 me India. 920 paona o ka aina laha ole, a he 100 ka nui o kela moku moku Virginia. I loko o kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ʻo solvent extraction, "e hele nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā haneli o nā keʻena wai e hoʻokaʻawale i kēlā me kēia mea a i ʻole nā hui - hiki ke hana hou ʻia kēia mau ʻanuʻu i nā haneli a i ʻole mau tausani. Ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, hiki ke hana ʻia i loko o ka oxidation Materials, phosphors, metals, alloys and magnets, hoʻohana lākou i nā ʻano magnetic kūikawā, luminescent a electrochemical paha o kēia mau mea, "wahi a Scientific American. ʻO ka mokupuni ʻo Nanniao i loko o kāna wahi hoʻokele waiwai kūʻokoʻa, i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō i kāna mau pono no nā kenekulia. ʻOiai no ka poʻe Kepanī akamai i ka ʻenehana, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku he pilikia ia Ke hopohopo nei ka poʻe ʻepekema "ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka wai kaʻapuni, hiki ke hāʻule ke kumu o ke kai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo a me ka lepo i ka moana." Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā kumu kūʻai: 3,500 tons e pono e hōʻiliʻili i kēlā me kēia lā i mea e waiwai ai ka ʻoihana i kēia manawa, hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia he 350 tons no nā hola he 10 i ka lā ʻO Lynas, ka mea nāna i hoʻouna aku i kāna ʻai i Malaysia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ʻOiai he mea waiwai ka hāʻawi ʻana o Lynas i ka pilikia o ka honua, ʻaʻole ia he hopena maikaʻi loa. ʻO ʻAukake 2020, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o hoʻokahi kilokani he US $344.40, ʻoiai ke kumu kūʻai o hoʻokahi kilokani o ka neodymium māmā māmā he US $55.20. I ka makahiki 2019, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Blue Line Corporation i Texas e hoʻokumu i kahi hui hui me Lynas e kūkulu i kahi mea kanu hoʻokaʻawale REE ʻaʻole e komo i ka poʻe Kina, hiki ke kūʻai aku i ʻelua mau makahiki o Beijing. I ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ai ke aupuni o Australia i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e loaʻa iā Lynas, ua hoʻomau ʻo Beijing i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻē aʻe ma Vietnam a ua lawe mai i kahi helu nui o nā huahana mai Myanmar I ka makahiki 2018, he 25,000 tons of rare earth concentrate Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pāpā i ka makahiki 2020, a aia kekahi mau hana eli ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka palena, ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe loea e hoʻomau ʻia ka ʻeli ʻia ʻana o ka honua ma Kina ma lalo o ke kānāwai o ʻApelika Hema, a laila hoʻouna ʻia i Myanmar ma nā ʻano like ʻole (e like me ka ʻāina ʻo Yunnan) e ʻimi ana e loaʻa nā wahi eli ma Greenland, ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka United States a me Denemaka, nona nā kahua mokulele ma Thule, kahi mokuʻāina semi-autonomous ua lilo ʻo Shenghe Resources Holdings i mea kuleana nui loa o Greenland Minerals Co., Ltd ʻO ka hihia hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ke kānāwai ʻo Danish-Greenland Self-Government Act ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o Kina i nā pilikia kaiapuni, hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hoʻokūkū o nā ʻāina ʻē ʻAʻole i haʻi ʻia ka lehulehu o nā mea haumia mai nā mine honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze i ka makahiki 2020, aia nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā mea haumia i ka hale hana ʻo Leshan Shenghe a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 5 miliona ʻO ka nui o nā kahe i hoʻololi ʻia e ke aniau, ke piʻi aʻe nei ka pōʻino a me ka haumia e nā waikahe e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻohe waiwai. ʻO ka pōʻino. "ʻOiai, ma muli o ke kumu o ka hōʻike, e hāʻawi mau ana ʻo Kina i ka 70% a i ka 77% o nā mea o ka honua laʻa. Pono e hoʻonui i ka palekana o US. ʻO ka Policy Research Institute he hui non-partisan i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā ʻatikala hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ke kulekele ʻē aʻe a me ka palekana o ka ʻāina. Mei 20, 2020, ua hoʻomaka ka Pelekikena o Taiwan ʻo Tsai Ing-wen i kāna ʻōlelo ʻelua ma kahi hanana maluhia [...] ka poʻe e hana a hoʻoikaika i nā kulekele a me ka lehulehu ma o ka mōʻaukala, ka ʻāina, a me ka moʻomeheu e heluhelu hou e pili ana i ka FPRI »Foreign Policy Research Institute·1528 Walnut St., Ste. 2000–2020 nā kuleana āpau.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-04-2022