Kaʻina Hoʻoemi Barium

(1) Hoʻomākaukau i ka barium oxide 

Pono e koho mua ʻia ka ʻaila barite kiʻekiʻe a lana ʻia, a laila wehe ʻia ka hao a me ke silikoni no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o 96% barium sulfate. ʻO ka pauka oka me ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 20 mesh ua hui pū ʻia me ka lanahu a i ʻole ka petroleum coke pauka ma ke kaupaona ʻana o 4: 1, a kālua ʻia ma 1100 ℃ i loko o kahi umu reverberatory. Hoʻemi ʻia ka barium sulfate i ka barium sulfide (ʻike mau ʻia ʻo "lehu ʻeleʻele"), a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hopena barium sulfide i loaʻa me ka wai wela. I mea e hoʻololi ai i ka barium sulfide i loko o ka ua barium carbonate, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka sodium carbonate a i ʻole carbon dioxide i ka wai o ka barium sulfide aqueous solution. Hiki ke loaʻa ka barium oxide ma ka hui ʻana i ka barium carbonate me ka pauka kalapona a me ka calcining ma luna o 800 ℃. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua oxidized ka barium oxide e hana i ka barium peroxide ma 500-700 ℃, a hiki ke decomposed ka barium peroxide e hana i ka barium oxide ma 700-800 ℃. No laila, i mea e pale aku ai i ka hana ʻana o ka barium peroxide, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻopau ʻia ka huahana calcined ma lalo o ka pale o ke kinoea inert. 

(2) ʻO ke ʻano hoʻēmi aluminothermic e hana i ka barium metala 

Ma muli o nā ʻano mea like ʻole, ʻelua mau hopena o ka alumini e hoʻemi ana i ka barium oxide:

6BaO+2Al→3BaO•Al2O3+3Ba↑

A i ʻole: 4BaO+2Al→BaO•Al2O3+3Ba↑

Ma 1000-1200 ℃, hoʻopuka kēia mau hopena ʻelua i ka barium liʻiliʻi loa, no laila e pono ai ka ʻume ʻumeke e hoʻoneʻe mau i ka mahu barium mai ka wahi pane i ka condensation zone i hiki i ka hopena ke hoʻomau i ka ʻākau. ʻO ke koena ma hope o ka hopena he mea ʻawaʻawa a pono e mālama ʻia ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻolei ʻia.

Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pūhui barium maʻamau 

(1) Ke ala hoʻomākaukau no ka barium carbonate 

① Keʻano carbonization

ʻO ke ʻano carbonization ka nui o ka hui ʻana i ka barite a me ka lanahu i kekahi ʻāpana, e ʻoki iā lākou i loko o kahi kiln rotary a me ka calcining a hōʻemi iā lākou ma 1100-1200 ℃ e loaʻa ai kahi hoʻoheheʻe barium sulfide. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka carbon dioxide i loko o ka solution barium sulfide no ka carbonization, a penei ka hopena:

BaS+CO2+H2O=BaCO3+H2S

ʻO ka barium carbonate slurry i loaʻa i ka desulfurized, holoi ʻia a kānana ʻia, a laila maloʻo a ʻoki ʻia ma 300 ℃ e loaʻa ai kahi huahana barium carbonate i hoʻopau ʻia. He maʻalahi kēia ʻano hana a haʻahaʻa i ke kumukūʻai, no laila ua ʻae ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā mea hana.

② Kaʻina decomposition pālua

ʻO ka Barium sulfide a me ka ammonium carbonate e loaʻa i ka pane decomposition pālua, a penei ka hopena:

BaS+(NH4)2CO3=BaCO3+(NH4)2S

A i 'ole ka barium chloride e hana me ka potassium carbonate, a penei ka hopena:

BaCl2+K2CO3=BaCO3+2KCl

ʻO ka huahana i loaʻa mai ka hopena e holoi ʻia, kānana, maloʻo, a pēlā aku e loaʻa ai kahi huahana barium carbonate i hoʻopau ʻia.

③ Barium carbonate ala

Hoʻopili ʻia ka pauka Barium carbonate me ka paʻakai ammonium e hoʻohua i ka paʻakai barium hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a hana hou ʻia ka ammonium carbonate. Hoʻohui ʻia ka paʻakai barium soluble i ka ammonium carbonate e hoʻoheheʻe i ka barium carbonate i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, i kānana ʻia a maloʻo e hana i ka huahana i pau. Eia hou, hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka waiʻona makuahine. Penei ka hopena:

BaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+H2O+CO2

BaCl2+2NH4OH=Ba(OH)2+2NH4Cl

Ba(OH)2+CO2=BaCO3+H2O 

(2) Ke ala hoʻomākaukau o ka barium titanate 

① Keʻano hana paʻa

Hiki ke loaʻa ka Barium titanate ma ka hoʻokalakala ʻana i ka barium carbonate a me ka titanium dioxide, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko. Penei ka hopena:

TiO2 + BaCO3 = BaTiO3 + CO2↑

② ʻO ke ʻano coprecipitation

Hoʻohui ʻia ka Barium chloride a me ka titanium tetrachloride i nā huina like, hoʻomehana ʻia i 70 ° C, a laila hoʻohui ʻia ka waika oxalic dropwise no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hydrated barium titanyl oxalate [BaTiO(C2O4)2•4H2O] precipitate, i holoi ʻia, maloʻo, a laila pyrolyzed a loaʻa ka barium titanate. Penei ka hopena:

BaCl2 + TiCl4 + 2H2C2O4 + 5H2O = BaTiO(C2O4)2•4H2O↓ + 6HCl

BaTiO(C2O4)2•4H2O = BaTiO3 + 2CO2↑ + 2CO↑ + 4H2O

Ma hope o ka hahau ʻana i ka ʻakika metatitanic, hoʻohui ʻia kahi hopena barium chloride, a laila hoʻohui ʻia ka ammonium carbonate ma lalo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana e hoʻohua i ka corecipitate o ka barium carbonate a me ka metatitanic acid, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huahana. Penei ka hopena:

BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 = BaCO3 + 2NH4Cl

H2TiO3 + BaCO3 = BaTiO3 + CO2↑ + H2O 

(3) Hoʻomākaukau i ka barium chloride 

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka barium chloride ka nui o ka hydrochloric acid method, barium carbonate method, calcium chloride method and magnesium chloride method e like me nā ʻano like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea maka.

① ʻO ke ʻano waika hydrochloric. Ke mālama ʻia ka barium sulfide me ka waika hydrochloric, ʻo ka hopena nui:

BaS+2HCI=BaCl2+H2S↑+Q