Ke hoʻopuka nei ʻo Kina i ka 80% o ka neodymium-praseodymium output o ka honua, kahi hui o nā metala honua laha i mea nui i ka hana ʻana i nā magnet mau loa.
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau magnet i nā kaʻa kaʻa uila (EVs), no laila e koi ʻia ka hoʻololi EV i manaʻo ʻia e ulu i nā lako mai nā mea miners honua.
Pono kēlā me kēia kaʻa kaʻa EV a hiki i ka 2kg o neodymium-praseodymium oxide - akā hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻekolu-megawatt direct drive wind turbine i 600kg. Aia ʻo Neodymium-praseodymium i loko o kāu ea ea ma ke keʻena a i ʻole ka pā hale.
Akā, e like me kekahi mau wānana, pono ʻo Kina i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana e lilo i mea lawe mai i neodymium-praseodymium - a, e like me ke kū nei, ʻo Australia ka ʻāina maikaʻi loa e hoʻopiha i kēlā āpau.
Mahalo iā Lynas Corporation (ASX: LYC), ʻo ka ʻāina ʻo ia ka lua o ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua i nā ʻāina laha ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo ia wale nō ka mea e hoʻopuka ai i kahi hapa o ka huahana a Kina. Akā, he nui nā mea e hiki mai ana.
ʻEhā mau ʻoihana Australia i loaʻa i nā papahana honua hope loa, kahi e nānā ai i ka neodymium-praseodymium ma ke ʻano he kī nui. Aia ʻekolu o ia mau mea ma loko o Australia a ʻo ka hā ma Tanzania.
Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā mākou nā Northern Minerals (ASX: NTU) me nā mea i ʻimi nui ʻia i nā mea koʻikoʻi honua koʻikoʻi (HREE), dysprosium a me terbium, e noho aliʻi ana i kāna hui honua laha ʻole ma ka papahana Browns Range ma Western Australia.
ʻO nā mea pāʻani ʻē aʻe, aia ka US i ka Mountain Pass mine, akā hilinaʻi ia ma Kina no ka hana ʻana i kāna huahana.
Aia kekahi mau papahana ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, akā ʻaʻohe mea i manaʻo ʻia he mākaukau kūkulu.
ʻO India, Vietnam, Brazil a me Rūsia e hana i nā mea liʻiliʻi; aia kahi mine hana ma Burundi, akā ʻaʻohe o kēia mau mea hiki ke hana i kahi ʻoihana aupuni me ka nui koʻikoʻi i ka wā pōkole.
Pono ʻo Northern Minerals i ka mothball i kāna mea kanu pilote Browns Range ma WA no ka manawa pōkole ma muli o nā palena huakaʻi o ka mokuʻāina i kau ʻia ma muli o ka maʻi COVID-19, akā ke hana nei ka hui i kahi huahana hiki ke kūʻai ʻia.
Ke nānā nui nei ʻo Alkane Resources (ASX: ALK) i ke gula i kēia mau lā a ke manaʻo nei e hoʻopau i kāna papahana metala ʻenehana Dubbo i ka wā e pau ai ka haunaele o ka mākeke o kēia manawa. A laila e kālepa kaʻawale ka hana e like me Australian Strategic Metals.
Ua mākaukau ʻo Dubbo: aia nā ʻae a pau o ke aupuni pekelala a me ka mokuʻāina a ke hana nei ʻo Alkane me Zirconium Technology Corp (Ziron) o South Korea e kūkulu i kahi mea kanu metala maʻemaʻe hoʻokele ma Daejeon, ke kūlanakauhale nui ʻelima o South Korea.
ʻO ka waiho ʻana o Dubbo he 43% zirconium, 10% hafnium, 30% ʻano honua a me 17% niobium. ʻO ka neodymium-praseodymium ka mea nui o ka ʻoihana.
Loaʻa iā Hastings Technology Metals (ASX: HAS) kāna papahana Yangibana, aia ma ka ʻākau-hikina o Carnarvon ma WA. Loaʻa iā ia nā ʻae kaiapuni o ka lehulehu no ka lua hāmama a me ka mea kanu hana.
Hoʻolālā ʻo Hastings e hana ʻia e 2022 me ka puka makahiki o 3,400t o neodymium-praseodymium. ʻO kēia, me ka dysprosium a me ka terbium, i manaʻo ʻia e hana i ka 92% o ka loaʻa kālā o ka papahana.
Ke kūkākūkā nei ʻo Hastings i kahi kuʻikahi 10 mau makahiki me Schaeffler o Kelemania, kahi mea hana i nā huahana metala, akā ua lohi kēia mau kamaʻilio e ka hopena o ka maʻi COVID-19 i ka ʻoihana kaʻa Kelemania. Ua kūkākūkā pū ʻia me ThyssenKrupp a me kahi hoa hana o Kina.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Arafura Resources (ASX: ARU) i ke ola ma ka ASX i ka makahiki 2003 ma ke ʻano he pāʻani hao hao akā ua hoʻololi koke ʻo ia i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka papahana Nolans ma ka Northern Territory.
I kēia manawa, manaʻo ia e loaʻa iā Nolans he 33 mau makahiki koʻu ola a hana i 4,335t o neodymium-praseodymium i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ua ʻōlelo ka hui ʻo ia wale nō ka hana ma Australia i ʻae ʻia no ka ʻeli ʻana, ka ʻili ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole, me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpala radioactive.
Ke ʻimi nei ka hui iā Iapana no kāna kūʻai ʻana i ka neodymium-praseodymium offtake a loaʻa iā ia kahi koho o 19 mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina ma Teesside o ʻEnelani e kūkulu i kahi hoʻoheheʻe.
Ua ʻae piha ʻia ka pūnaewele ʻo Teesside a ke kali wale nei ka ʻoihana i kāna laikini mining e hoʻopuka ʻia e ke aupuni Tanzanian, ke koi hoʻoponopono hope loa no ka papahana Ngualla.
ʻOiai ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻo Arafura i nā memo o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana me nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o Kina, ua hōʻike ʻia kāna mau hōʻike hou ʻana i kāna "hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku" i kuhikuhi ʻia i nā mea hoʻohana neodymium-praseodymium ʻaʻole i kūlike me ka hoʻolālā 'Made in China 2025', ʻo ia ka hoʻolālā o Beijing e ʻike i ka ʻāina ʻo 70% i lawa pono i nā huahana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ʻelima mau makahiki ma hope mai - a he hana nui i ka mana honua o ka hana ʻenehana.
ʻIke maikaʻi ʻo Arafura a me nā hui ʻē aʻe e hoʻomalu ana ʻo Kina i ka hapa nui o nā kaulahao lako honua laha loa - a ʻo Australia me ka US a me nā hui ʻē aʻe e ʻike i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka hiki ʻana o Kina e pale aku i nā papahana ʻole o Kina.
Kākoʻo ʻo Beijing i nā hana o ka honua i hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻomalu i nā kumukūʻai - a hiki i nā hui Kina ke noho i ka ʻoihana ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā hui ʻaʻole Kina ke hana i kahi pōʻino.
ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana o Neodymium-praseodymium i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka Shanghai-listed China Northern Rare Earth Group, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻoihana ʻeono i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka mokuʻāina e holo ana i ka ʻeli ʻana o nā honua laha ʻole ma Kina.
ʻOiai ke ʻike nei nā ʻoihana pākahi i ka pae a lākou e hiki ai ke haki a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā, ʻoi aku ka mālama ʻana o nā mea hoʻolako kālā.
ʻO nā kumukūʻai Neodymium-praseodymium i kēia manawa aia ma lalo o US $ 40 / kg (A $ 61 / kg), akā manaʻo nā helu ʻoihana e pono ai kahi mea kokoke i US $ 60 / kg (A $ 92 / kg) no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā injections kapikala e pono ai e hoʻomohala i nā papahana.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai i ka waena o ka panic COVID-19, ua hoʻokō ʻo Kina i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kāna hana honua laha, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Malaki i ka 19.2% makahiki-ma-makahiki ma 5,541t - ka helu kiʻekiʻe o ka mahina mai 2014.
Loaʻa iā Lynas kahi helu hoʻopuka paʻa i ka lā Malaki. Ma luna o ka hapaha mua, ua loaʻa i ka 4,465t ka nui o kāna huahana oxides honua.
Ua pani ʻo Kina i ka hapa nui o kāna ʻoihana honua no ka mahina o Ianuali a me kahi hapa o Pepeluali ma muli o ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi.
"Ke kali nei nā mea kūʻai aku ma ka mākeke no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike maopopo i ka mea e hiki mai ana i kēia manawa," ʻōlelo ʻo Peak i nā mea kuleana i ka hopena o ʻApelila.
"Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma nā pae kumu kūʻai o kēia manawa ke hana ʻole nei ka ʻoihana honua ʻokoʻa o Kina i nā waiwai," wahi a ia.
ʻOkoʻa nā kumukūʻai no nā ʻano mea like ʻole o ka honua, e hōʻike ana i nā pono o ka mākeke. I kēia manawa, hoʻolako nui ʻia ka honua me ka lanthanum a me ka cerium; me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole nui loa.
Aia ma lalo iho kahi kiʻi kiʻi kumukūʻai o Ianuali - ua neʻe iki nā helu pākahi i kahi ala a i ʻole kekahi, akā hōʻike nā helu i ka loli nui o nā loiloi. ʻO nā kumukūʻai a pau he US$ no ke kilo.
Lanthanum oxide – 1.69 Cerium oxide – 1.65 Samarium oxide – 1.79 Yttrium oxide – 2.87 Ytterbium oxide – 20.66 Erbium oxide – 22.60 Gadolinium oxide – 23.68 Neodymium oxide – 41.76 Europium oxide – 41.76 Europium oxide – 41.76 Europium oxide Scandium oxide – 48.07 Praseodymium oxide – 48.43 Dysprosium oxide – 251.11 Terbium oxide – 506.53 Lutetium oxide – 571.10
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-04-2022