Hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻenekini honua ma nā mea nuklea

1、 Wehewehe ʻana o nā mea nuklea

Ma ka manaʻo ākea, ʻo nā mea nuklea ka huaʻōlelo nui no nā mea i hoʻohana wale ʻia i ka ʻoihana nuklea a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema nuklea, me nā mea ʻenekini nuklea a me nā mea ʻenekinia nuklea, ʻo ia hoʻi nā meaʻaʻa ʻole nuklea.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā mea nuklea e pili ana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka reactor, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mau mea reactor. ʻO nā mea reactor nā wahie nukelea e hana ana i ka fission nuklea ma lalo o ka pōʻino neutron, nā mea pale no nā ʻāpana wahie nuklea, nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa, nā mea hoʻoponopono neutron (moderators), nā mea hoʻokele koʻokoʻo e komo ikaika i nā neutrons, a me nā mea reflective e pale ai i ka leakage neutron ma waho o ka reactor.

2、 Ka pilina pili ma waena o nā kumuwaiwai honua laha ʻole a me nā kumuwaiwai nuklea

ʻO Monazite, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he phosphocerite a me ka phosphocerite, he mineral kōkua maʻamau i loko o ka pōhaku igneous acid waena a me ka pōhaku metamorphic. ʻO ka Monazite kekahi o nā minerala nui o ka ʻeleʻele metala honua, a aia pū kekahi ma kekahi pōhaku sedimentary. ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, melemele, melemele ʻeleʻele i kekahi manawa, me ka ʻulaʻula momona, ʻokiʻoki piha, Mohs paʻakikī o 5-5.5, a me ka umekaumaha kikoʻī o 4.9-5.5.

ʻO ka mineral mineral nui o kahi placer type rare earth deposits ma Kina he monazite, aia ma Tongcheng, Hubei, Yueyang, Hunan, Shangrao, Jiangxi, Menghai, Yunnan, a me He County, Guangxi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe kumu waiwai o ka ʻili ʻana o nā kumu waiwai laha o ka honua. Loaʻa i nā pōhaku kaʻawale nā ​​mea thorium reflexive a ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka plutonium pāʻoihana.

3、 Ka nānā ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka honua i ka fusion nuklea a me ka fission nuklea e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i ka panoramic patent.

Ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo o nā mea huli honua laha, ua hui pū ʻia me nā kī hoʻonui a me nā helu helu o ka fission nuklea a me ka hui nuklea, a huli ʻia ma ka waihona Incopt. ʻO ka lā huli ʻo ʻAukake 24, 2020. Ua loaʻa nā patent 4837 ma hope o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻohana maʻalahi, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā patent 4673 ma hope o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka walaʻau.

Hoʻolaha ʻia nā noi palapala hoʻoheheʻe honua ma ke kahua o ka nuclear fission a i ʻole ka nuclear fusion ma 56 mau ʻāina / ʻāpana, ka mea nui ma Iapana, Kina, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kelemānia a me Rūsia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. , a ua hoʻonui ʻia nā noi ʻenehana patent Kina, ʻoiai mai ka makahiki 2009, ke komo nei i kahi pae ulu wikiwiki, a ua hoʻomau ʻo Iapana, ʻAmelika a me Rūsia i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kēia kahua no nā mea he nui. makahiki (Figure 1).

Kiʻi 1 Ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā patent ʻenehana e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka honua maʻamau i ka nuklea nuklea fission a me ka nuclear fusion ma nā ʻāina/nā ʻāina.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka nānā ʻana i nā kumuhana ʻenehana e pili ana ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka honua laha i ka fusion nuklea a me ka fission nuklea i nā mea wahie, scintillators, radiation detectors, actinides, plasmas, nuclear reactors, shielding material, neutron absorption a me nā kuhikuhi ʻenehana ʻē aʻe.

4、 Nā noi kikoʻī a me ka noiʻi patent koʻikoʻi o nā Element Rare Earth i nā mea nuklea

Ma waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka fusion nuklea a me ka nuclear fission reactions i nā mea nuklea, a paʻa nā koi no nā mea. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā reactors mana ka nui o ka nuclear fission reactors, a hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia nā reactors fusion ma ke ʻano nui ma hope o 50 mau makahiki. ʻO ka noi ohonua lahanā mea i loko o nā mea hana reactor; Ma nā kahua kemika nukili, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea ʻene honua i nā koʻokoʻo mana; Kahi mea hou aʻe,scandiumua hoʻohana pū ʻia i ka radiochemistry a me ka ʻoihana nuklea.

（1） E like me ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole ke koʻokoʻo mana e hoʻoponopono i ka pae neutron a me ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka reactor nuklea.

I nā reactors mana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke koena mua o nā cores hou. ʻOi aku i ka wā mua o ka pōʻaiapuni refueling mua, i ka wā e hou ai ka wahie nuklea i loko o ke kumu, ʻo ke koena reactivity ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hilinaʻi wale ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā koʻokoʻo mana e hoʻopaʻi i ke koena o ka reactivity e hoʻokomo i nā koʻokoʻo mana. ʻO kēlā me kēia koʻokoʻo mana (a i ʻole pūʻolo koʻokoʻo) pili i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi mīkini hoʻokele paʻakikī. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, hoʻonui kēia i nā kumukūʻai, a ma kekahiʻaoʻao,ʻo ka weheʻana i nā puka i loko o ke poʻo o ka moku kaomi hiki ke alakaʻi i ka emiʻana o ka ikaika. ʻAʻole wale ia he mea waiwai ʻole, akā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi nui o ka porosity a me ka ikaika structural ma ke poʻo o ka moku kaomi. Eia nō naʻe, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā koʻokoʻo mana, pono e hoʻonui i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea hoʻopaʻi kemika (e like me ka boric acid) e uku ai i ke koena reactivity. I kēia hihia, he mea maʻalahi ka manaʻo o ka boron ma mua o ka paepae, a e lilo ka coefficient mahana o ka moderator i mea maikaʻi.

No ka pale ʻana i nā pilikia i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei, hiki ke hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻawaʻawa, nā lāʻau hoʻomalu, a me ka mana hoʻopaʻi kemika.

（2） Ma ke ʻano he dopant e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana o nā mea hana reactor

Pono nā reactors i nā ʻāpana hana a me nā mea wahie e loaʻa i kahi pae o ka ikaika, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai e pale ana i nā huahana fission mai ke komo ʻana i ka mea hoʻomaha.

1) .Ke kila kakaikahi

He kūlana kino a me kemika ko ka nuclear reactor, a loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka reactor nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ke kila kūikawā i hoʻohana ʻia. He hopena hoʻololi kūikawā ko nā ʻano honua ʻokoʻa ma ke kila, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, metamorphism, microalloying, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa corrosion. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka honua laʻa i loaʻa nā kila i nā reactor nuklea.

① Ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe: Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi e kū nei he hopena maikaʻi ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka honua laha i ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki i nā honua laha ʻole ke hana me nā mea ʻino e like me ka oxygen a me ka sulfur i loko o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe e hana i nā pūhui wela kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻokuʻuʻia a hoʻokuʻuʻia nā mea wela kiʻekiʻe ma keʻano o ka hoʻokomoʻana ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻeʻiaʻana o ke kila i hoʻoheheʻeʻia, ma laila e ho'ēmi ai i ka mea haumia i loko o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe.

② Metamorphism: ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā oxides, sulfides a i ʻole oxysulfides e ka hopena o ka honua laʻa i loko o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me nā mea ʻino e like me ka oxygen a me ka sulfur hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a lilo i hoʻohui ʻia o ke kila me ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe. . Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau inclusions e like me nā kikowaena nucleation heterogeneous i ka wā paʻa o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ke kila.

③ Microalloying: inā e hoʻonui hou ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻāina laha ʻole, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke koena o ka honua laha ʻole i ke kila ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a me ka metamorphism. No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka radius atomic o ka honua laha ʻole ma mua o ka hao ʻātoma, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana honua. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana paʻa o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia nā mea ʻenehana honua ma ka palena o ka palaoa, hiki ke hōʻemi maikaʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea haumia ma ka palena o ka palaoa, no laila e hoʻoikaika ai i ka hopena paʻa a pāʻani i ka hana o ka microalloying. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka hydrogen o ka honua laha, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomoʻa i ka hydrogen i ke kila, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ai i ke ʻano hydrogen embrittlement o ke kila.

④ E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion: ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻenekele honua hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana o ke kila. ʻO kēia no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pohō iā ia iho ma mua o ke kila kila. No laila, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole ke hoʻonui i ka pono corrosion ponoʻī o ke kila kila, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa o ke kila i nā media corrosive.

2). Haʻawina Patent Key

Patent kī: hoʻoikaika ʻia ka patent noʻonoʻo o kahi dispersion oxide i ke kila hoʻāla haʻahaʻa a me kāna ʻano hoʻomākaukau e ka Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Patent abstract: Hāʻawi ʻia kahi mea hoʻopuehu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻoikaika ʻia no nā mea hoʻonaninani fusion a me kāna ʻano hoʻomākaukau, ʻike ʻia i ka pākēneka o nā mea hao i ka huina nui o ke kila hoʻāla haʻahaʻa: ʻo ka matrix Fe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, 0.1 ≤ Mn ≤ 0.6%, a me 0.05% ≤ Y2O3 ≤ 0.5%.

Kaʻina hana: Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka makuahine, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pauka, ka wili pōleʻa ikaika kiʻekiʻe o ka hui makuahine aY2O3 nanoparticleka pauda hui ʻia, ka pauda enveloping extraction, solidification molding, hot rolling, and heat treatment.

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohui honua laha ʻole: Hoʻohui i ka nanoscaleY2O3ʻāpana i ka makua alloy atomized pauka no kiʻekiʻe-ikaika poepoe wili, me ka poepoe wili mea Φ 6 a me Φ 10 hui paakiki kila poepoe, me ka poepoe wili lewa o 99.99% argon kinoea, he poepoe mea nui lākiō o (8- 10): 1, ka manawa wili poepoe o 40-70 mau hola, a me ka wikiwiki o ka rotational o 350-500 r/min.

3）. Hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea pale radiation neutron

① Ke kumu o ka pale radiation neutron

ʻO nā neutron nā ʻāpana o ka nuclei atomika, me ka nuipaʻa paʻa o 1.675 × 10-27kg, ʻo ia ka 1838 manawa o ka nui uila. ʻO kona radius ma kahi o 0.8 × 10-15m, e like me ka nui me ka proton, e like me γ ʻAʻole i kau ʻia nā kukui. Ke launa pū nā neutrons me ka mea, pili nui lākou me nā pūʻali nuklea i loko o ka nucleus, a ʻaʻole pili pū me nā electrons i loko o ka pūpū o waho.

Me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ikehu nuklea a me ka ʻenehana reactor nuklea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i ka palekana o ka radiation nuklea a me ka pale radiation nuklea. I mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka pale radiation no nā mea hana i hana i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea hana radiation a me ka hoʻopakele pōʻino no ka manawa lōʻihi, he koʻikoʻi ʻepekema nui a me ka waiwai waiwai e hoʻomohala i nā composite pale māmā no nā lole pale. ʻO ka radiation Neutron ka mea nui loa o ka radiation reactor nuklea. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā neutrons e pili pono ana me nā kānaka ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i nā neutron haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma hope o ka hopena pale neutron o nā mea hana i loko o ka reactor nuklea. E hoʻokuʻi ʻia nā neutrons haʻahaʻa me ka nuclei me ka helu atomika haʻahaʻa me ka lohi a hoʻomau i ka hoʻololi ʻia. Hoʻopili ʻia nā neutron thermal i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā mea me nā ʻāpana keʻa neutron absorption nui aʻe, a hope loa e loaʻa ka pale neutron.

② Haʻawina Patent Nui

Ka porous a me ka organic-inorganic hybrid waiwai oʻeleʻele honua laha ʻolegadoliniumHoʻonui ʻia ka launa pū ʻana me ka polyethylene, e hoʻoikaika ana i nā mea hana i hoʻohui ʻia e loaʻa i ka gadolinium kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻopuehu gadolinium. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka gadolinium maʻiʻo a me ka hoʻopuehu e pili pono i ka hana pale neutron o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia.

Patent nui: Hefei Institute of Material Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, patent invention of a gadolinium based organic framework composite material shielding a me kāna hana hoʻomākaukau.

Patent Abstract: ʻO Gadolinium based metal organic skeleton composite shielding material kahi mea i haku ʻia e ka hui ʻana.gadoliniummetala metala kino iwi iwi me ka polyethylene ma ka lakene kaumaha o 2:1:10 a hana ia ma o ka solvent evaporation a i ole kaomi wela. ʻO Gadolinium ma muli o ka metala ʻāʻī o ka hui ʻana i nā mea pale i loaʻa ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ke pale aku i ka neutron.

Kaʻina hana: koho ʻokoʻametala gadoliniumnā paʻakai a me nā ligands organik e hoʻomākaukau a hoʻohui i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka gadolinium based metal organic skeleton material, holoi iā lākou me nā molekole liʻiliʻi o ka methanol, ethanol, a i ʻole ka wai ma ka centrifugation, a hoʻāla iā lākou i ka wela kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻawaʻawa e hoʻopau loa i ke koena o nā mea maka. i loko o nā pores o ka gadolinium based metal organic skeleton material; ʻO ka gadolinium ma muli o ka organometallic skeleton mea i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma ka ʻanuʻu e hoʻoulu ʻia me ka wai polyethylene i ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole ultrasonically, a i ʻole ka gadolinium based organometallic skeleton material i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka ʻanuʻu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene i ke kiʻekiʻe wela a hiki i ka hui ʻana; E hoʻokomo i ka gadolinium i hui pū ʻia me ka metala ʻiʻo ʻiʻo/polyethylene i loko o ka moʻo, a e kiʻi i ka gadolinium i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mea pale i hui ʻia me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana e hāpai i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ke kaomi wela; Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka pale ʻana i ka wela, nā waiwai mechanical, a me ka hiki ke pale aku i ka neutron thermal i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea polyethylene maʻemaʻe.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui honua ʻokoʻa: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 a i ʻole Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 porous crystalline coordination polymer i loaʻa i ka gadolinium, i loaʻa ma o ka hoʻohui polymerization oGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O a i ʻole GdCl3 • 6H2Oa me ka ligand carboxylate organik; ʻO 50nm-2 μm ka nui o ka gadolinium based metal skeleton skeleton; He ʻano ʻano morphologies like ʻole nā ​​mea ʻeleʻele metala ʻo Gadolinium, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano granular, ʻano koʻokoʻo, a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano kui.

（4） Noi oScandiumi ka Radiochemistry a me ka ʻoihana nukili

Loaʻa i ka metala Scandium ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi a me ka hoʻokō fluorine absorption ikaika, e hana ana ia i mea waiwai nui i ka ʻoihana ikehu atomic.

Patent nui: China Aerospace Development Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, patent i hana ʻia no ka alumini zinc magnesium scandium alloy a me kāna ʻano hoʻomākaukau.

Patent abstract: He alumini zincmea hoʻohui magnesium scandiuma me kāna ʻano hoʻomākaukau. ʻO ka hui kemika a me ka pākēneka kaumaha o ka alumini zinc magnesium scandium alloy: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, nā haumia Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe hoʻokahi ≤ 0.05%, nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe ≤ 0.15%, a ʻo ke koena nui ʻo Al. ʻO ka microstructure o kēia alumini zinc magnesium scandium alloy mea like a paʻa kāna hana, me ka ikaika tensile hope loa ma luna o 400MPa, kahi ikaika o ka 350MPa, a me ka ikaika tensile o luna o 370MPa no nā hui welded. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana waiwai e like me nā mea hoʻolālā i ka aerospace, ʻoihana nuklea, ka lawe ʻana, nā mea haʻuki, nā mea kaua a me nā māla ʻē aʻe.

Kaʻina hana: KaʻAnuʻu 1, mea hoʻohui e like me ka haku mele ma luna; KaʻAnuʻu Hana 2: hehee i loko o ka hooheheeia kapuahi ma kahi mahana o 700 ℃ ~ 780 ℃; KaʻAnuʻu Hana 3: E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a mālama i ka mahana metala i loko o ka laulā o 700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ ​​i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe; 'anuʻu 4: Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, pono e ʻae ʻia e kū mālie; 'anuʻu 5: Ma hope o ke kū piha ʻana, hoʻomaka i ka hoʻolei ʻana, mālama i ka mahana o ka umu i loko o ka laulā o 690 ℃ ~ 730 ℃, a ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻolei ʻana he 15-200mm / minuke; KaʻAnuʻu Hana 6: Hana homogenization annealing lapaʻau ma luna o ka alloy ingot i loko o ka umu wela, me ka homogenization wela o 400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃; KaʻAnuʻu Hana 7: Peel i ka homogenized ingot a hana i ka extrusion wela e hana i nā profiles me ka mānoanoa o ka pā ma luna o 2.0mm. I ka wā o ka extrusion, pono e mālama ʻia ka billet ma kahi mahana o 350 ℃ a 410 ℃; KaʻAnuʻu Hana 8: Komi i ka ʻaoʻao no ka hoʻonā hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, me kahi mahana hoʻonā o 460-480 ℃; KaʻAnuʻu 9: Ma hope o 72 mau hola o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hopena paʻa, hoʻoikaika lima i ka ʻelemakule. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana ʻelemakule ikaika manual: 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 hola + 170 ~ 180 ℃ / 5 mau hola, a i ʻole 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 hola + 145 ~ 155 ℃ / 10 hola.

5、 Hōʻuluʻulu noiʻi

Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā honua laʻa i ka nuklea fusion a me ka nuclear fission, a he nui nā hoʻonohonoho patent i nā kuhikuhi ʻenehana e like me ka X-ray excitation, plasma formation, light water reactor, transuranium, uranyl a me ka pauka oxide. No nā mea reactor, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāina laha ʻole e like me nā mea hana reactor a me nā mea insulation seramika e pili ana, nā mea hoʻomalu a me nā mea palekana neutron radiation.